Advanced Pharmacology Exam 1 Study
Guide (2026/2027) | Updated Questions |
Study Pack | A+
• Bioavailability -✓✓The proportion of an administered drug that
reaches systemic circulation unchanged.
• Prodrug -✓✓An inactive drug that must undergo metabolism to
become active.
• Therapeutic Index (TI) Formula -✓✓TI = LD50 / ED50.
• Low Therapeutic Index -✓✓Narrow margin of safety; requires close
drug monitoring to avoid toxicity.
• Phase 1 Metabolism -✓✓Involves oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis;
makes drugs polar, active, and uses CYP450.
• Phase 2 Metabolism -✓✓Involves conjugation, making modified
compounds polar, inactive, and ready for renal excretion.
• ACE Inhibitors in Pregnancy -✓✓Contraindicated; can cause fetal
kidney abnormalities, low birth weight, and neonatal death.
, • CYP3A4 -✓✓Most abundant CYP450 enzyme; metabolizes
approximately 50% of clinical drugs.
• Drug Steady-State -✓✓Stable drug level achieved when
administration rate equals elimination rate (4-5 half-lives).
• First-Pass Effect -✓✓Rapid hepatic metabolism of an oral drug before
it reaches systemic circulation.
• Receptor Antagonist -✓✓Binds to a receptor but blocks activation,
preventing other molecules from acting.
• QT Prolongation Risk -✓✓Can trigger Torsades de Pointes, a life-
threatening ventricular arrhythmia.
• ACE Inhibitor Side Effects -✓✓Dry cough, hyperkalemia,
hypotension, renal impairment, and angioedema.
• Beta Blockers MOA -✓✓Block beta-adrenergic receptors, causing
negative chronotropic, inotropic, and dromotropic effects.
• Non-Selective Beta Blockers Risk -✓✓Can cause bronchoconstriction
in patients with asthma or COPD.
Guide (2026/2027) | Updated Questions |
Study Pack | A+
• Bioavailability -✓✓The proportion of an administered drug that
reaches systemic circulation unchanged.
• Prodrug -✓✓An inactive drug that must undergo metabolism to
become active.
• Therapeutic Index (TI) Formula -✓✓TI = LD50 / ED50.
• Low Therapeutic Index -✓✓Narrow margin of safety; requires close
drug monitoring to avoid toxicity.
• Phase 1 Metabolism -✓✓Involves oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis;
makes drugs polar, active, and uses CYP450.
• Phase 2 Metabolism -✓✓Involves conjugation, making modified
compounds polar, inactive, and ready for renal excretion.
• ACE Inhibitors in Pregnancy -✓✓Contraindicated; can cause fetal
kidney abnormalities, low birth weight, and neonatal death.
, • CYP3A4 -✓✓Most abundant CYP450 enzyme; metabolizes
approximately 50% of clinical drugs.
• Drug Steady-State -✓✓Stable drug level achieved when
administration rate equals elimination rate (4-5 half-lives).
• First-Pass Effect -✓✓Rapid hepatic metabolism of an oral drug before
it reaches systemic circulation.
• Receptor Antagonist -✓✓Binds to a receptor but blocks activation,
preventing other molecules from acting.
• QT Prolongation Risk -✓✓Can trigger Torsades de Pointes, a life-
threatening ventricular arrhythmia.
• ACE Inhibitor Side Effects -✓✓Dry cough, hyperkalemia,
hypotension, renal impairment, and angioedema.
• Beta Blockers MOA -✓✓Block beta-adrenergic receptors, causing
negative chronotropic, inotropic, and dromotropic effects.
• Non-Selective Beta Blockers Risk -✓✓Can cause bronchoconstriction
in patients with asthma or COPD.
