NURS 5315 Advanced Patho Exam 1 Review
Pack (2026) | Verified Responses | A+
• Risk. CORRECT ANSWER: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a
stressor
• Prevalence. CORRECT ANSWER: A measure of disease that allows us to determine
a person's likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is
the total number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the
total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the total
population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
• Incidence. CORRECT ANSWER: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a
person's probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time.
Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of
persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
• Ratio. CORRECT ANSWER: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing
the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
• Primary Prevention. CORRECT ANSWER: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
• Secondary Prevention. CORRECT ANSWER: Early detection, screening, and
management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
• Tertiary Prevention. CORRECT ANSWER: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing
disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
• Epidemiology. CORRECT ANSWER: study of the patterns of disease involving
populations; examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and
distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people
,• Endemic. CORRECT ANSWER: A disease theat is native to a local region
• Epidemic. CORRECT ANSWER: When a disease is disseninated to many individals at
the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
• Pandemic. CORRECT ANSWER: Epidemics that affect large geographic regions,
perhaps spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
• *Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors*. CORRECT
ANSWER:
• Homeostasis. CORRECT ANSWER: A state of being in which all systems are in
balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
• Exhausation. CORRECT ANSWER: Point where body can no longer return to
homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
• Allostatic Overload. CORRECT ANSWER: "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an
excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the
body
• Adaptation. CORRECT ANSWER: Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in
response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping
mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
• Arousal. CORRECT ANSWER: Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic
pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
• Function of Cortisol. CORRECT ANSWER: Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
• *Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function*. CORRECT ANSWER:
• Endocrine Communication. CORRECT ANSWER: Hormones traveling in the
bloodstream
, Long range signaling
• Neurocrine Communication. CORRECT ANSWER: Neurons firing information through
synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
• Paracrine Communcation. CORRECT ANSWER: Signaling through the extraceullar
fluid between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
• Autocrine Communcation. CORRECT ANSWER: Localized signaling in which the
secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
• Describe an Action Potential. CORRECT ANSWER: Rapid, self-propagating electrical
excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close
in response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent
sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium
channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and
potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
• Describe a Resting Action Potential. CORRECT ANSWER: Electrical charge when
there is no net ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
• Take Home Message About Action Potentials. CORRECT ANSWER: Resting
Membrane Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Pack (2026) | Verified Responses | A+
• Risk. CORRECT ANSWER: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a
stressor
• Prevalence. CORRECT ANSWER: A measure of disease that allows us to determine
a person's likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is
the total number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is the
total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the total
population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
• Incidence. CORRECT ANSWER: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a
person's probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time.
Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of
persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
• Ratio. CORRECT ANSWER: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing
the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
• Primary Prevention. CORRECT ANSWER: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
• Secondary Prevention. CORRECT ANSWER: Early detection, screening, and
management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
• Tertiary Prevention. CORRECT ANSWER: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing
disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
• Epidemiology. CORRECT ANSWER: study of the patterns of disease involving
populations; examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and
distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people
,• Endemic. CORRECT ANSWER: A disease theat is native to a local region
• Epidemic. CORRECT ANSWER: When a disease is disseninated to many individals at
the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
• Pandemic. CORRECT ANSWER: Epidemics that affect large geographic regions,
perhaps spreading worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
• *Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors*. CORRECT
ANSWER:
• Homeostasis. CORRECT ANSWER: A state of being in which all systems are in
balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
• Exhausation. CORRECT ANSWER: Point where body can no longer return to
homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents
• Allostatic Overload. CORRECT ANSWER: "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an
excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the
body
• Adaptation. CORRECT ANSWER: Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in
response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping
mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
• Arousal. CORRECT ANSWER: Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic
pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
• Function of Cortisol. CORRECT ANSWER: Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
• *Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function*. CORRECT ANSWER:
• Endocrine Communication. CORRECT ANSWER: Hormones traveling in the
bloodstream
, Long range signaling
• Neurocrine Communication. CORRECT ANSWER: Neurons firing information through
synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
• Paracrine Communcation. CORRECT ANSWER: Signaling through the extraceullar
fluid between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
• Autocrine Communcation. CORRECT ANSWER: Localized signaling in which the
secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
• Describe an Action Potential. CORRECT ANSWER: Rapid, self-propagating electrical
excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close
in response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent
sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium
channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and
potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
• Describe a Resting Action Potential. CORRECT ANSWER: Electrical charge when
there is no net ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
• Take Home Message About Action Potentials. CORRECT ANSWER: Resting
Membrane Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
