NUR 611 Final Exam
Review | Questions and
Answers | 2026 Updated |
100% Correct - Utica
College.
Question 1: Which of the following best describes cellular adaptation in
which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Hypertrophy
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: B) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated
cell type is replaced by another, often in response to chronic irritation,
such as Barrett esophagus (squamous to columnar). Hyperplasia is an
increase in cell number, hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, and
dysplasia is abnormal cell growth .
,Question 2: What is the primary mechanism of injury in reperfusion
injury?
A) Increased ATP production
B) Reduced calcium influx
C) Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species
D) Decreased inflammatory response
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: C) Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species
Rationale: When blood flow is restored to ischemic tissue, a burst of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated, overwhelming antioxidant
defenses. This leads to lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and
mitochondrial dysfunction, worsening cellular injury .
Question 3: What is the primary cause of the symptoms in Parkinson
disease?
A) Degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord
B) Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
C) Demyelination in the central nervous system
D) Autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: B) Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia
nigra
Rationale: Parkinson disease results from degeneration of dopamine-
producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to an
,imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine in the basal ganglia,
causing bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor .
Question 4: A patient has a pulmonary embolism. Which hemodynamic
change occurs?
A) Increased left ventricular preload
B) Increased right ventricular afterload
C) Decreased pulmonary artery pressure
D) Decreased right ventricular workload
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: B) Increased right ventricular afterload
Rationale: A pulmonary embolism obstructs pulmonary arteries,
increasing pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular afterload.
This can lead to right ventricular strain, decreased cardiac output, and
shock .
Question 5: The nurse is assessing a patient with left-sided heart failure.
Which finding is most characteristic?
A) Jugular venous distention
B) Ascites
C) Pulmonary crackles and dyspnea
D) Peripheral edema
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: C) Pulmonary crackles and dyspnea
, Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes a backup of blood into the
pulmonary circulation, leading to pulmonary congestion, crackles,
orthopnea, and dyspnea. Right-sided failure produces jugular venous
distention, ascites, and peripheral edema .
Question 6: Which of the following is a characteristic of oncotic
(colloid osmotic) pressure?
A) It is determined primarily by sodium concentration
B) It pulls fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries
C) It pushes fluid out of the capillaries
D) It is unaffected by plasma proteins
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: B) It pulls fluid from the interstitial space into the
capillaries
Rationale: Oncotic pressure is primarily determined by plasma proteins,
especially albumin. It draws water into the vascular space, opposing
hydrostatic pressure. Low albumin reduces oncotic pressure,
contributing to edema .
Question 7: A client with cirrhosis develops ascites. Which factor
contributes most?
A) Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B) Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C) Decreased hepatic lymph production
D) Increased renal sodium excretion
Review | Questions and
Answers | 2026 Updated |
100% Correct - Utica
College.
Question 1: Which of the following best describes cellular adaptation in
which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Hypertrophy
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: B) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change where one differentiated
cell type is replaced by another, often in response to chronic irritation,
such as Barrett esophagus (squamous to columnar). Hyperplasia is an
increase in cell number, hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, and
dysplasia is abnormal cell growth .
,Question 2: What is the primary mechanism of injury in reperfusion
injury?
A) Increased ATP production
B) Reduced calcium influx
C) Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species
D) Decreased inflammatory response
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: C) Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species
Rationale: When blood flow is restored to ischemic tissue, a burst of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated, overwhelming antioxidant
defenses. This leads to lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and
mitochondrial dysfunction, worsening cellular injury .
Question 3: What is the primary cause of the symptoms in Parkinson
disease?
A) Degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord
B) Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
C) Demyelination in the central nervous system
D) Autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: B) Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia
nigra
Rationale: Parkinson disease results from degeneration of dopamine-
producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to an
,imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine in the basal ganglia,
causing bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor .
Question 4: A patient has a pulmonary embolism. Which hemodynamic
change occurs?
A) Increased left ventricular preload
B) Increased right ventricular afterload
C) Decreased pulmonary artery pressure
D) Decreased right ventricular workload
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: B) Increased right ventricular afterload
Rationale: A pulmonary embolism obstructs pulmonary arteries,
increasing pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular afterload.
This can lead to right ventricular strain, decreased cardiac output, and
shock .
Question 5: The nurse is assessing a patient with left-sided heart failure.
Which finding is most characteristic?
A) Jugular venous distention
B) Ascites
C) Pulmonary crackles and dyspnea
D) Peripheral edema
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: C) Pulmonary crackles and dyspnea
, Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes a backup of blood into the
pulmonary circulation, leading to pulmonary congestion, crackles,
orthopnea, and dyspnea. Right-sided failure produces jugular venous
distention, ascites, and peripheral edema .
Question 6: Which of the following is a characteristic of oncotic
(colloid osmotic) pressure?
A) It is determined primarily by sodium concentration
B) It pulls fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries
C) It pushes fluid out of the capillaries
D) It is unaffected by plasma proteins
Correct ,,,,answer,,,: B) It pulls fluid from the interstitial space into the
capillaries
Rationale: Oncotic pressure is primarily determined by plasma proteins,
especially albumin. It draws water into the vascular space, opposing
hydrostatic pressure. Low albumin reduces oncotic pressure,
contributing to edema .
Question 7: A client with cirrhosis develops ascites. Which factor
contributes most?
A) Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B) Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C) Decreased hepatic lymph production
D) Increased renal sodium excretion
