GCU BIO-201 Midterm Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Anatomy, study of structure and organization of body
parts. Physiology, study of the functions and processes
Describe the ditterence between anatomy, physiology,
of these body parts. Pathophysiology examines the ab-
and pathophysiology
normalities / disturbances in physiological processes that
lead to disease.
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level,
6 levels of structural organization
Organ system level, Organism level
Negative feedback reverses a deviation from homeosta-
Describe negative feedback and its purpose in maintain-
sis. Receptor senses a change, integrator processes the
ing homeostasis as well as its relation to a receptor, inte-
information, ettector produces a change to counteract the
grator, and ettector.
deviation.
Positive feedback amplifies a change leading to a greater
deviation. example, childbirth when uterine contractions
Describe positive feedback & give an example
stimulate the release of oxytocin which increases contrac-
tions further until childbirth
water is a polar molecule with a bent shape due to its
oxygen atom & 2 hydrogen atoms. Importance: ability to
Describe the molecular structure and importance of water
dissolve solutes, participate in chemical reaction, regulate
temp, provides medium for biological processing
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found
Identify a proton or electron on a molecule in the nucleus of an atom. An electron is a negatively
charged particle orbiting around the nucleus
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs be-
tween atoms, hydrogen bonds are weak attractions be-
Ditterence between a covalent vs. hydrogen vs. ionic bond
tween partially charged atoms, Ionic bonds involve the
transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Describe enzyme, protein, carbohydrate, lipids, nucle-
ic acids, phosphoproteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins,
phospholipids and a substrate.
, GCU BIO-201 Midterm Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Enzymes- biological catalyst that speed up chemical re-
actions. Carbohydrates- organic compounds made up of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids- hydrophobic mol-
ecules that include fats, oils and phospholipids. Nucleic
acids- macromolecules that store and transmit genetic in-
formation. Phosphoprotein- a protein w added phosphate
groups, which often helps regulate its function within cells.
glycoprotein- a protein w attached sugar molecules, often
involved in cell communication and recognition. Lipopro-
tein- A complex made of proteins and lipids.
phospholipid- a molecule w a hydrophilic head and a
hydrophobic tail forming the base of cell membranes.
Substrate- molecule in which enzyme acts to catalyze a
chemical reaction, leading to the formation of products
Describe how carbohydrates are stored in the body stored primarily as glycogen in the liver and muscles
Mono are single sugar molecules, di are made up on 2
Ditterence between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
monosaccharides, poly are complex carbohydrates made
polysaccharides
up of many monosaccharides.
(CH2o) n, where n represents the number of carbon
Describe the molecular formula of a carbohydrate
atoms
Triglycerides consist of 3 fatty acid molecules bonded
Describe the composition of triglycerides, nucleic acids, to a glycerol molecule. Nucleic acids are composed of
and proteoglycans. nucleotides, and proteoglycans are proteins w attached
glycosaminoglycan chains.
HDL ( high density lipoprotein) carries cholesterol away
from the arteries to the liver for processing, while LDL
Describe the ditterence between HDL and LDL
(low density lipoprotein) carries cholesterol to the cells,
increasing the risk of plaque formation in arteries.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a high-energy molecule
crucial for cellular energy transfer. Its chemical structure
Anatomy, study of structure and organization of body
parts. Physiology, study of the functions and processes
Describe the ditterence between anatomy, physiology,
of these body parts. Pathophysiology examines the ab-
and pathophysiology
normalities / disturbances in physiological processes that
lead to disease.
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level,
6 levels of structural organization
Organ system level, Organism level
Negative feedback reverses a deviation from homeosta-
Describe negative feedback and its purpose in maintain-
sis. Receptor senses a change, integrator processes the
ing homeostasis as well as its relation to a receptor, inte-
information, ettector produces a change to counteract the
grator, and ettector.
deviation.
Positive feedback amplifies a change leading to a greater
deviation. example, childbirth when uterine contractions
Describe positive feedback & give an example
stimulate the release of oxytocin which increases contrac-
tions further until childbirth
water is a polar molecule with a bent shape due to its
oxygen atom & 2 hydrogen atoms. Importance: ability to
Describe the molecular structure and importance of water
dissolve solutes, participate in chemical reaction, regulate
temp, provides medium for biological processing
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found
Identify a proton or electron on a molecule in the nucleus of an atom. An electron is a negatively
charged particle orbiting around the nucleus
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs be-
tween atoms, hydrogen bonds are weak attractions be-
Ditterence between a covalent vs. hydrogen vs. ionic bond
tween partially charged atoms, Ionic bonds involve the
transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Describe enzyme, protein, carbohydrate, lipids, nucle-
ic acids, phosphoproteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins,
phospholipids and a substrate.
, GCU BIO-201 Midterm Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Enzymes- biological catalyst that speed up chemical re-
actions. Carbohydrates- organic compounds made up of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids- hydrophobic mol-
ecules that include fats, oils and phospholipids. Nucleic
acids- macromolecules that store and transmit genetic in-
formation. Phosphoprotein- a protein w added phosphate
groups, which often helps regulate its function within cells.
glycoprotein- a protein w attached sugar molecules, often
involved in cell communication and recognition. Lipopro-
tein- A complex made of proteins and lipids.
phospholipid- a molecule w a hydrophilic head and a
hydrophobic tail forming the base of cell membranes.
Substrate- molecule in which enzyme acts to catalyze a
chemical reaction, leading to the formation of products
Describe how carbohydrates are stored in the body stored primarily as glycogen in the liver and muscles
Mono are single sugar molecules, di are made up on 2
Ditterence between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
monosaccharides, poly are complex carbohydrates made
polysaccharides
up of many monosaccharides.
(CH2o) n, where n represents the number of carbon
Describe the molecular formula of a carbohydrate
atoms
Triglycerides consist of 3 fatty acid molecules bonded
Describe the composition of triglycerides, nucleic acids, to a glycerol molecule. Nucleic acids are composed of
and proteoglycans. nucleotides, and proteoglycans are proteins w attached
glycosaminoglycan chains.
HDL ( high density lipoprotein) carries cholesterol away
from the arteries to the liver for processing, while LDL
Describe the ditterence between HDL and LDL
(low density lipoprotein) carries cholesterol to the cells,
increasing the risk of plaque formation in arteries.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a high-energy molecule
crucial for cellular energy transfer. Its chemical structure
