Microbio 4000: Exam 4 Final Test
Questions Fully Solved 2026-2027
Updated.
what is symbiosis - Answer the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
what are the types of symbiosis - Answer commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism
what is commensalism - Answer one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
what is mutualism - Answer both organism’s benefit
what is parasitism - Answer one organism benefits at the expense of the other
what is microbiome or microbiota - Answer all the bacteria archaea fungi and protozoa that
inhabit our body
what is virome - Answer all viruses in human body (not much is known about how they
impact human health)
what is transient microbiota - Answer may be present for days, weeks, or months. But
ultimately cannot persist (fluxes from the equilibrium)
what is colonization - Answer the ability of the microbe to stay attached to the body surface
and replicate
what do adhesions allow - Answer microbiota to attach to host cells
are their more human cells or microbial cells in the human body - Answer slightly more
microbiota
when does microbiome colonization start - Answer prior to birth (placental microbiome)
as we are exposed to the outside environment what happens - Answer colonization
continues
,are all microbiome the same or stay the same - Answer no
what are examples of microbiota and host communication - Answer evidence of bacteria:
changing host gene expression and changig production of anti-inflammatory signals
-microbiota in the gut brain axis
what is the gut brain axis - Answer brain activity alters gut function and microbiome can alter
brain function
what type of symbiosis are microbiota often - Answer mutalistic
How does microbiota benefit humans - Answer -food digestion
-synthesizing compounds (vitamins)
-interfering with pathogen colonization (AKA microbial antagonism); competing for attachment
sites and food sources, and synthesizing antimicrobial compounds
-training and enhancing function of the immune system; produce immunomodulin and constant
sampling of microbiota
what is microbiome linked with - Answer negative disorders
what are implications for neuropychiatric disorders linked to microbiome from the gut brain axis
- Answer eating disorders, addiction, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegeneration,
dysfunctional neuronal activity, stress related disorders,
what are risks of a microbiome - Answer -microbiota in the wrong place (infection and
disease)
-immunocompromised hosts
-opportunistic pathogen
-overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotic and antibiotic resistance
what is an immuncompromised host - Answer person with weakended immune system
what is an opportunistic pathogen - Answer rarely cause disease in healthy host
what is dysbiosis - Answer balance of members of microbiome is altered
, what is dysbiosis caused by - Answer infections, antibiotic, new foods, emotional stress, and
many more factors
what is the hygiene hypothesis - Answer dramatic changes in human behavior infleunced the
makeup of our microbiota
changes in the microbiota may be associated with what - Answer -increased incidence or the
introduction of new diseases
-increasing rate of allergies and autoimmune disease (still controversial)
what is bioburden - Answer number of microorganisms that typically inhabit an environment
what is epidermis - Answer skin
what is the environment of epidermis - Answer acidic: ph 4-6
high salt
low moisture
can contain lysozyme (skin secretion)
what type of gram is skin - Answer positive (resistant dry and resistant salt)
what are common organisms in the skin - Answer -staphylococcus epidermis
-bacillus spp
-candida spp
what is the affect of skin dysbiosis - Answer skins diseases: rashes, acne, dermatitis
is the bioburden high or low in the eye - Answer low
why is the bioburden low in the eye - Answer -tears have lysozyme, continual washing with
tears, and mostly transient bacteria
what is the effect of dysbiosis on the eye - Answer conjuctivitis (pink eye)
what are parts of the nasal and oral cavities - Answer -mouth
-nasal cavity
Questions Fully Solved 2026-2027
Updated.
what is symbiosis - Answer the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
what are the types of symbiosis - Answer commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism
what is commensalism - Answer one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
what is mutualism - Answer both organism’s benefit
what is parasitism - Answer one organism benefits at the expense of the other
what is microbiome or microbiota - Answer all the bacteria archaea fungi and protozoa that
inhabit our body
what is virome - Answer all viruses in human body (not much is known about how they
impact human health)
what is transient microbiota - Answer may be present for days, weeks, or months. But
ultimately cannot persist (fluxes from the equilibrium)
what is colonization - Answer the ability of the microbe to stay attached to the body surface
and replicate
what do adhesions allow - Answer microbiota to attach to host cells
are their more human cells or microbial cells in the human body - Answer slightly more
microbiota
when does microbiome colonization start - Answer prior to birth (placental microbiome)
as we are exposed to the outside environment what happens - Answer colonization
continues
,are all microbiome the same or stay the same - Answer no
what are examples of microbiota and host communication - Answer evidence of bacteria:
changing host gene expression and changig production of anti-inflammatory signals
-microbiota in the gut brain axis
what is the gut brain axis - Answer brain activity alters gut function and microbiome can alter
brain function
what type of symbiosis are microbiota often - Answer mutalistic
How does microbiota benefit humans - Answer -food digestion
-synthesizing compounds (vitamins)
-interfering with pathogen colonization (AKA microbial antagonism); competing for attachment
sites and food sources, and synthesizing antimicrobial compounds
-training and enhancing function of the immune system; produce immunomodulin and constant
sampling of microbiota
what is microbiome linked with - Answer negative disorders
what are implications for neuropychiatric disorders linked to microbiome from the gut brain axis
- Answer eating disorders, addiction, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegeneration,
dysfunctional neuronal activity, stress related disorders,
what are risks of a microbiome - Answer -microbiota in the wrong place (infection and
disease)
-immunocompromised hosts
-opportunistic pathogen
-overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotic and antibiotic resistance
what is an immuncompromised host - Answer person with weakended immune system
what is an opportunistic pathogen - Answer rarely cause disease in healthy host
what is dysbiosis - Answer balance of members of microbiome is altered
, what is dysbiosis caused by - Answer infections, antibiotic, new foods, emotional stress, and
many more factors
what is the hygiene hypothesis - Answer dramatic changes in human behavior infleunced the
makeup of our microbiota
changes in the microbiota may be associated with what - Answer -increased incidence or the
introduction of new diseases
-increasing rate of allergies and autoimmune disease (still controversial)
what is bioburden - Answer number of microorganisms that typically inhabit an environment
what is epidermis - Answer skin
what is the environment of epidermis - Answer acidic: ph 4-6
high salt
low moisture
can contain lysozyme (skin secretion)
what type of gram is skin - Answer positive (resistant dry and resistant salt)
what are common organisms in the skin - Answer -staphylococcus epidermis
-bacillus spp
-candida spp
what is the affect of skin dysbiosis - Answer skins diseases: rashes, acne, dermatitis
is the bioburden high or low in the eye - Answer low
why is the bioburden low in the eye - Answer -tears have lysozyme, continual washing with
tears, and mostly transient bacteria
what is the effect of dysbiosis on the eye - Answer conjuctivitis (pink eye)
what are parts of the nasal and oral cavities - Answer -mouth
-nasal cavity
