BMED 450 - MIDTERM 1 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS 2026-2027
loss of homeostasis - correct answer-overwhelming challenge
abnormal response or gene expression
thrombocytes - correct answer-cause vasoconstriction (thromboxane)
adhere to connective tissue under endothelium
form platelet plug
coagulation proteins - correct answer-activated by tissue factor from damaged ETCs
platelet phospholipids activate thrombin
thrombin - correct answer-activates fibrinogen to form fibrin clot
fibrinolysis proteins - correct answer-plasmin breaks down clot
ETCs release tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
relaxed endothelium - correct answer-anticoagulant NO vasodilates
prostacyclin (PGI2) dilates and inhibits platelet aggregation
inflammatory state - correct answer-endothelium produces endothelin
less PGI2 and NO = vasoconstriction
tissue factor
platelets produce thromboxane A2
B lymphocytes - correct answer-produce antibodies that coat pathogens
, helper T lymphocytes - correct answer-activate macrophages and lymphocytes
cytotoxic T lympocytes - correct answer-cause infected cells to apoptose
innate immunity components - correct answer-neutrophils, granulocytes
coagulation factors limit spread
complement reactants
3 factors that initiate thrombosis - correct answer-endothelial injury (prothrombotic molecules)
abnormal blood flow (turbulence or stasis)
hypercoagulability (genetic or acquired)
infective endocarditis - correct answer-Strep viridans
toxins kill endocardial and myocardial cells
dead cells cause stenosis
autonomic control of heart rate and contractility - correct answer-SNS: beta adrenergics increase
PNS: acetylcholine decrease
autonomic control of peripheral resistance - correct answer-SNS: alpha adrenergic contract
shock - correct answer-hypoperfusion
vasodilation
low blood volume
MAP <50mmHg
septic shock - correct answer-
bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin binds to TLR4 on macrophages and neutrophils = cytokine
storm
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS 2026-2027
loss of homeostasis - correct answer-overwhelming challenge
abnormal response or gene expression
thrombocytes - correct answer-cause vasoconstriction (thromboxane)
adhere to connective tissue under endothelium
form platelet plug
coagulation proteins - correct answer-activated by tissue factor from damaged ETCs
platelet phospholipids activate thrombin
thrombin - correct answer-activates fibrinogen to form fibrin clot
fibrinolysis proteins - correct answer-plasmin breaks down clot
ETCs release tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
relaxed endothelium - correct answer-anticoagulant NO vasodilates
prostacyclin (PGI2) dilates and inhibits platelet aggregation
inflammatory state - correct answer-endothelium produces endothelin
less PGI2 and NO = vasoconstriction
tissue factor
platelets produce thromboxane A2
B lymphocytes - correct answer-produce antibodies that coat pathogens
, helper T lymphocytes - correct answer-activate macrophages and lymphocytes
cytotoxic T lympocytes - correct answer-cause infected cells to apoptose
innate immunity components - correct answer-neutrophils, granulocytes
coagulation factors limit spread
complement reactants
3 factors that initiate thrombosis - correct answer-endothelial injury (prothrombotic molecules)
abnormal blood flow (turbulence or stasis)
hypercoagulability (genetic or acquired)
infective endocarditis - correct answer-Strep viridans
toxins kill endocardial and myocardial cells
dead cells cause stenosis
autonomic control of heart rate and contractility - correct answer-SNS: beta adrenergics increase
PNS: acetylcholine decrease
autonomic control of peripheral resistance - correct answer-SNS: alpha adrenergic contract
shock - correct answer-hypoperfusion
vasodilation
low blood volume
MAP <50mmHg
septic shock - correct answer-
bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin binds to TLR4 on macrophages and neutrophils = cytokine
storm
