Italy and Fascism Complete
Notes
Contents
Liberal Italy............................................................................................................ 4
The Unification of Italy........................................................................................ 4
How Italy was unified....................................................................................... 4
Problems of unification and pre-existing problems..........................................6
The Liberal Government in the 1860s...............................................................10
The crises of the 1890s..................................................................................... 13
Economic development and industrialisation...................................................15
The rise of political movements........................................................................20
Giovanni Giolitti 1890s-1910s...........................................................................23
Giolitti as Prime Minister................................................................................23
Giolitti’s social reforms..................................................................................23
Giolitti’s political manoeuvres.......................................................................25
Giolitti’s foreign policy and his decline..........................................................26
Italy in the First World War................................................................................ 28
The State of Italy by 1914.............................................................................28
The Triple Alliance.......................................................................................... 29
The Intervention Crisis................................................................................... 30
Italy’s war effort in World War 1....................................................................32
Post-World War 1 Italy....................................................................................... 35
‘The mutilated victory’ and the occupation of Fiume.....................................35
The post-war economic crisis........................................................................38
Political developments...................................................................................43
Political breakdown and the rise of extremism..............................................45
Mussolini’s Rise to and Consolidation of Power....................................................53
The Fascist Movement...................................................................................... 53
Mussolini’s rise to power................................................................................... 53
Impact of events and individuals...................................................................53
Mussolini and the Fascist Party......................................................................55
The March on Rome....................................................................................... 56
Mussolini’s consolidation of power....................................................................60
, Mussolini’s actions to gain support of the elite..............................................60
Mussolini’s Early Actions and The Acerbo Law...............................................61
The Matteotti Crisis........................................................................................ 62
Mussolini’s First Wave of Actions...................................................................64
Mussolini’s Second Wave of Actions..............................................................64
Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini.....................................................................66
Mussolini’s domestic policy............................................................................... 66
The police state............................................................................................. 66
Il Cult of Duce and Fascist propaganda..........................................................67
The Italian economy...................................................................................... 71
Mussolini’s Welfare State............................................................................... 78
Women in Fascist Italy................................................................................... 82
Fascist youth policies..................................................................................... 87
Mussolini and the Catholic Church.................................................................92
Mussolini’s concessions to the Catholic Church and short-term outcomes....94
Tensions between Mussolini and the Catholic Church....................................95
The long-term outcome of the Concordat......................................................96
Mussolini’s early foreign policy 1922-35...........................................................97
Mussolini’s early foreign policy aims.............................................................97
Corfu.............................................................................................................. 99
Fiume............................................................................................................. 99
The Locarno Pact......................................................................................... 100
Albania........................................................................................................ 100
The Kellogg-Briand Pact...............................................................................101
Libya............................................................................................................ 101
Austria......................................................................................................... 102
The Stresa Front Conference.......................................................................102
Mussolini’s later foreign policy 1935-40.........................................................104
The shift in Mussolini’s foreign policy..........................................................104
The Abyssinian War..................................................................................... 104
The Spanish Civil War.................................................................................. 112
Mussolini’s alliance with Nazi Germany.......................................................116
Italy in the Second World War.........................................................................122
Mussolini’s initial non-belligerence in 1939.................................................122
Italy’s entry of the Second World War in 1940.............................................124
Italy’s performance in the Second World War..............................................125
Italy’s involvement in the Second World War..............................................127
, The outcome of Italy’s poor performance....................................................133
The Downfall of Fascist Italy........................................................................... 135
Mussolini’s removal..................................................................................... 135
Badoglio’s regime ‘45 days’........................................................................136
The Salo Republic........................................................................................ 137
, Liberal Italy
The Unification of Italy
How Italy was unified
When was the Unification of Italy?
1861-70
The Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861 and was complete in 1870, when
the Papal States became a part of Italy.
The cause of the Unification of Italy:
The spread of ideas (eg nationalism, liberalism, democracy) inspired the
Italian people to fight for their own unified country rather than being ruled by
foreign monarchs.
Who started the Unification of Italy?
Italian nationalists
What was the significance of the Unification?
It resulted in creating a large European power as the fifth most populous
country in Europe.
Describe the Nationalists' first attempt in unifying Italy.
They established Carbonari (secret organisations) but didn't gain enough
public support, so were immediately crushed by the Austrian powers.
Timeline of the Division of Italy
17 March 1805: Napolean unifies Italy as the Italian Republic
1814: Napolean was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo
1815: The Congress of Vienna divided Italy, placing oppressive and
exploitative autocratic rulers over the country.
The seven states that made up Italy from 1815 were:
Kingdom of Sardinia
Lombardo-Veneto
Kingdom Duchy of Parma
Grand-Duchy of Tuscany
Ducy of Moderna
Papal State Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Which countries and dynasties ruled the Italian states in 1815? (2)
Austria, Spain and Savoy
The Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties
Who was the Papal State ruled by?
The Pope
Who was the heart of the Unification of Italy?
Giuseppe Mazzini 1805-1872
Notes
Contents
Liberal Italy............................................................................................................ 4
The Unification of Italy........................................................................................ 4
How Italy was unified....................................................................................... 4
Problems of unification and pre-existing problems..........................................6
The Liberal Government in the 1860s...............................................................10
The crises of the 1890s..................................................................................... 13
Economic development and industrialisation...................................................15
The rise of political movements........................................................................20
Giovanni Giolitti 1890s-1910s...........................................................................23
Giolitti as Prime Minister................................................................................23
Giolitti’s social reforms..................................................................................23
Giolitti’s political manoeuvres.......................................................................25
Giolitti’s foreign policy and his decline..........................................................26
Italy in the First World War................................................................................ 28
The State of Italy by 1914.............................................................................28
The Triple Alliance.......................................................................................... 29
The Intervention Crisis................................................................................... 30
Italy’s war effort in World War 1....................................................................32
Post-World War 1 Italy....................................................................................... 35
‘The mutilated victory’ and the occupation of Fiume.....................................35
The post-war economic crisis........................................................................38
Political developments...................................................................................43
Political breakdown and the rise of extremism..............................................45
Mussolini’s Rise to and Consolidation of Power....................................................53
The Fascist Movement...................................................................................... 53
Mussolini’s rise to power................................................................................... 53
Impact of events and individuals...................................................................53
Mussolini and the Fascist Party......................................................................55
The March on Rome....................................................................................... 56
Mussolini’s consolidation of power....................................................................60
, Mussolini’s actions to gain support of the elite..............................................60
Mussolini’s Early Actions and The Acerbo Law...............................................61
The Matteotti Crisis........................................................................................ 62
Mussolini’s First Wave of Actions...................................................................64
Mussolini’s Second Wave of Actions..............................................................64
Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini.....................................................................66
Mussolini’s domestic policy............................................................................... 66
The police state............................................................................................. 66
Il Cult of Duce and Fascist propaganda..........................................................67
The Italian economy...................................................................................... 71
Mussolini’s Welfare State............................................................................... 78
Women in Fascist Italy................................................................................... 82
Fascist youth policies..................................................................................... 87
Mussolini and the Catholic Church.................................................................92
Mussolini’s concessions to the Catholic Church and short-term outcomes....94
Tensions between Mussolini and the Catholic Church....................................95
The long-term outcome of the Concordat......................................................96
Mussolini’s early foreign policy 1922-35...........................................................97
Mussolini’s early foreign policy aims.............................................................97
Corfu.............................................................................................................. 99
Fiume............................................................................................................. 99
The Locarno Pact......................................................................................... 100
Albania........................................................................................................ 100
The Kellogg-Briand Pact...............................................................................101
Libya............................................................................................................ 101
Austria......................................................................................................... 102
The Stresa Front Conference.......................................................................102
Mussolini’s later foreign policy 1935-40.........................................................104
The shift in Mussolini’s foreign policy..........................................................104
The Abyssinian War..................................................................................... 104
The Spanish Civil War.................................................................................. 112
Mussolini’s alliance with Nazi Germany.......................................................116
Italy in the Second World War.........................................................................122
Mussolini’s initial non-belligerence in 1939.................................................122
Italy’s entry of the Second World War in 1940.............................................124
Italy’s performance in the Second World War..............................................125
Italy’s involvement in the Second World War..............................................127
, The outcome of Italy’s poor performance....................................................133
The Downfall of Fascist Italy........................................................................... 135
Mussolini’s removal..................................................................................... 135
Badoglio’s regime ‘45 days’........................................................................136
The Salo Republic........................................................................................ 137
, Liberal Italy
The Unification of Italy
How Italy was unified
When was the Unification of Italy?
1861-70
The Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861 and was complete in 1870, when
the Papal States became a part of Italy.
The cause of the Unification of Italy:
The spread of ideas (eg nationalism, liberalism, democracy) inspired the
Italian people to fight for their own unified country rather than being ruled by
foreign monarchs.
Who started the Unification of Italy?
Italian nationalists
What was the significance of the Unification?
It resulted in creating a large European power as the fifth most populous
country in Europe.
Describe the Nationalists' first attempt in unifying Italy.
They established Carbonari (secret organisations) but didn't gain enough
public support, so were immediately crushed by the Austrian powers.
Timeline of the Division of Italy
17 March 1805: Napolean unifies Italy as the Italian Republic
1814: Napolean was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo
1815: The Congress of Vienna divided Italy, placing oppressive and
exploitative autocratic rulers over the country.
The seven states that made up Italy from 1815 were:
Kingdom of Sardinia
Lombardo-Veneto
Kingdom Duchy of Parma
Grand-Duchy of Tuscany
Ducy of Moderna
Papal State Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Which countries and dynasties ruled the Italian states in 1815? (2)
Austria, Spain and Savoy
The Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties
Who was the Papal State ruled by?
The Pope
Who was the heart of the Unification of Italy?
Giuseppe Mazzini 1805-1872
