NURS 611 EXAM 1 Pathophysiology
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Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - Answer: A programmed cell
death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane
structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the
#1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the
kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
,Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart
injury that stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various
cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly changing the understanding of
myocardial biology!!
Cellular adaptation: Atrophy - Answer: Physiologic: thymus gland
atrophy (childhood)
Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy - Answer: Increase in size of cell
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is
hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is
referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy
that occurs secondary to HTN.
Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia - Answer: Increase in number of cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2
weeks.
Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
, Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia - Answer: Replacement of cells
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have
been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if
irritant is stopped.
Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? - Answer: ATP =
energy BUT needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-
phosphate (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which
leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is discussed in
chapter one). Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and
cellular swelling results.
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) - Answer: Results when oxygen
reserves are depleted.
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases? - Answer: A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or
group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired
Exam 4 Review Questions and
Answers 100% Correct Maryville
University of Saint Louis
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
• Proctored Exam Assistance
• Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
• Exam Preparation & Study Materials
• Assignments and Coursework Support
• Essay and Research Paper Writing
• Discussion Posts & Responses
• Editing and Proofreading
• Confidential Academic Consultation
Helping Students Achieve Academic Excellence
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - Answer: A programmed cell
death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane
structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the
#1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the
kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
,Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart
injury that stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various
cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly changing the understanding of
myocardial biology!!
Cellular adaptation: Atrophy - Answer: Physiologic: thymus gland
atrophy (childhood)
Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy - Answer: Increase in size of cell
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is
hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is
referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy
that occurs secondary to HTN.
Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia - Answer: Increase in number of cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2
weeks.
Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
, Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia - Answer: Replacement of cells
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have
been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if
irritant is stopped.
Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? - Answer: ATP =
energy BUT needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-
phosphate (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which
leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is discussed in
chapter one). Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and
cellular swelling results.
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) - Answer: Results when oxygen
reserves are depleted.
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases? - Answer: A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or
group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired
