PNB 2275 LAB 4 and 5 Exam ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
The lymphatic system - CORRECT ANSWER second circulation in the body. Like the blood
circulation, the lymphatic circulation has small-diameter lymphatic capillaries that help collect excess
interstitial fluid, which is also known as lymph
Lymphatic capillaries ultimately merge into larger lymph vessels and then into ducts:
The right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct
Primary lymphoid organ - CORRECT ANSWER are sites where the cells of the immune system
are generated and mature:
These include the bone marrow—where B-cells mature--and the thymus, where T-cells mature.
secondary lymph organ - CORRECT ANSWER are sites where mature cells of the immune
system aggregate and initiate a specific immune response. These organs include the spleen and lymph
nodes.
Thymus is the site where T lymphocytes mature, thymus is a ______ ?
1 pts - CORRECT ANSWER primary lymphoid organ
thymus histology - CORRECT ANSWER Each lobule has a dark-staining outer cortex and
lighter inner medulla. The lobules are surrounded by a supporting capsule.
The cortex of the thymus is filled with developing T-cells, actively undergoing mitosis. This is where
clonal expansion of T-cells takes place.
The lighter-stained medulla contains structures called Hassall's Corpuscles. Surrounding these
corpuscles in the medulla are epithelial cells that help select against self-reactive T cells, to prevent
autoimmunity. The purposes of the Hassall's Corpuscles themselves are not fully understood
spleen - CORRECT ANSWER storage site for platelets
It has two other main functions, which are:
Filter the blood—specifically, removing old red blood cells and platelets from circulation.
Help initiate immune responses: reacting to blood-borne antigens, by producing antibodies from local
B-cells.
, Along the outer edge on the left-hand side is the capsule, from which short projections called
trabeculae, enter the spleen tissue. The capsule and trabeculae are mostly connective tissue and
smooth muscle, which help provide support to the spleen.
red pulp - CORRECT ANSWER very vascular—that is, filled with blood vessels. These vessels
are primarily sinusoid capillaries, which allow old blood cells to leak out. These old, damaged cells
are then phagocytosed—taken up and eaten—by macrophages in the red pulp.
white pulp - CORRECT ANSWER contains lymphoid aggregations, mostly lymphocytes and
macrophages, arranged around the arteries. The lymphocytes consist largely of helper-T cells and
antibody-producing B cells.
The nodule abuts - CORRECT ANSWER blood vessels such as arteries, and contains a
germinal center, in which mature B cells proliferate, differentiate, and make antibodies. This is where
B cell antibodies undergo somatic hyper-mutation and class isotype switching, to become even more
specific for their target antigens.
The spleen is an example of a ______ ?
1 pts - CORRECT ANSWER secondary lymphoid organ, because it is a site where cells of the
immune system initiate an immune response.
antigens - CORRECT ANSWER are molecules that are found on the surface of pathogens and
are specific to that particular pathogen. Once recognized, the antigen will elicit an immune response
mediated by the production of antibodies specific to the antigen. The antibody then 'marks' its target
antigen and the associated pathogen for destruction by circulating phagocytic white blood cells.
There are four broad classes of pathogen against which the immune system helps provide protection: -
CORRECT ANSWER Bacteria, such as salmonella.
Viruses, such as HIV.
Fungi, such as the ringworm fungus.
Other parasites such as microscopic protozoans and larger parasitic worms.
Identifying Molecules - CORRECT ANSWER adhesins on the surface of bacteria
exotoxins secreted by bacteria
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
The lymphatic system - CORRECT ANSWER second circulation in the body. Like the blood
circulation, the lymphatic circulation has small-diameter lymphatic capillaries that help collect excess
interstitial fluid, which is also known as lymph
Lymphatic capillaries ultimately merge into larger lymph vessels and then into ducts:
The right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct
Primary lymphoid organ - CORRECT ANSWER are sites where the cells of the immune system
are generated and mature:
These include the bone marrow—where B-cells mature--and the thymus, where T-cells mature.
secondary lymph organ - CORRECT ANSWER are sites where mature cells of the immune
system aggregate and initiate a specific immune response. These organs include the spleen and lymph
nodes.
Thymus is the site where T lymphocytes mature, thymus is a ______ ?
1 pts - CORRECT ANSWER primary lymphoid organ
thymus histology - CORRECT ANSWER Each lobule has a dark-staining outer cortex and
lighter inner medulla. The lobules are surrounded by a supporting capsule.
The cortex of the thymus is filled with developing T-cells, actively undergoing mitosis. This is where
clonal expansion of T-cells takes place.
The lighter-stained medulla contains structures called Hassall's Corpuscles. Surrounding these
corpuscles in the medulla are epithelial cells that help select against self-reactive T cells, to prevent
autoimmunity. The purposes of the Hassall's Corpuscles themselves are not fully understood
spleen - CORRECT ANSWER storage site for platelets
It has two other main functions, which are:
Filter the blood—specifically, removing old red blood cells and platelets from circulation.
Help initiate immune responses: reacting to blood-borne antigens, by producing antibodies from local
B-cells.
, Along the outer edge on the left-hand side is the capsule, from which short projections called
trabeculae, enter the spleen tissue. The capsule and trabeculae are mostly connective tissue and
smooth muscle, which help provide support to the spleen.
red pulp - CORRECT ANSWER very vascular—that is, filled with blood vessels. These vessels
are primarily sinusoid capillaries, which allow old blood cells to leak out. These old, damaged cells
are then phagocytosed—taken up and eaten—by macrophages in the red pulp.
white pulp - CORRECT ANSWER contains lymphoid aggregations, mostly lymphocytes and
macrophages, arranged around the arteries. The lymphocytes consist largely of helper-T cells and
antibody-producing B cells.
The nodule abuts - CORRECT ANSWER blood vessels such as arteries, and contains a
germinal center, in which mature B cells proliferate, differentiate, and make antibodies. This is where
B cell antibodies undergo somatic hyper-mutation and class isotype switching, to become even more
specific for their target antigens.
The spleen is an example of a ______ ?
1 pts - CORRECT ANSWER secondary lymphoid organ, because it is a site where cells of the
immune system initiate an immune response.
antigens - CORRECT ANSWER are molecules that are found on the surface of pathogens and
are specific to that particular pathogen. Once recognized, the antigen will elicit an immune response
mediated by the production of antibodies specific to the antigen. The antibody then 'marks' its target
antigen and the associated pathogen for destruction by circulating phagocytic white blood cells.
There are four broad classes of pathogen against which the immune system helps provide protection: -
CORRECT ANSWER Bacteria, such as salmonella.
Viruses, such as HIV.
Fungi, such as the ringworm fungus.
Other parasites such as microscopic protozoans and larger parasitic worms.
Identifying Molecules - CORRECT ANSWER adhesins on the surface of bacteria
exotoxins secreted by bacteria
