Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 Questions
and Answers
1. Atrophy: E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in
the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimula- tion, or nervous stimulation)
2. Hyperplasia: E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell
does not change Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation
(endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement
during pregnancy
3. Dysplasia: E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization
(classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer,
a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
4. Metaplasia: E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from
this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
5. Hypoxia injury: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
6. Free radical and ROS: E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
7. Ethanol: E. mood altering drug, long term ettects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of
,liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
8. Oncosis: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes
distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
9. Fatty Infiltration: intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
10. dystrophic calcification: accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular
structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
11. metastatic calcification: accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t
hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
12. urate accumulation: sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders
collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
13. Coagulative Necrosis: kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
14. Liquefactive Necrosis: nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
, 15. Caseous Necrosis: lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
16. Fat Necrosis: breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
17. Gangrenous Necrosis: Dry- dark
shriveled skin Wet- internal organs- can lead to
death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
18. Gout: E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
19. Rhabdomyolysis: E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush
injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular sodium, oncosis,
and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
and Answers
1. Atrophy: E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in
the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimula- tion, or nervous stimulation)
2. Hyperplasia: E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell
does not change Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation
(endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement
during pregnancy
3. Dysplasia: E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization
(classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer,
a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer
development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
4. Metaplasia: E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from
this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
5. Hypoxia injury: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism.
eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
6. Free radical and ROS: E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
7. Ethanol: E. mood altering drug, long term ettects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of
,liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
8. Oncosis: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes
distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
9. Fatty Infiltration: intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
10. dystrophic calcification: accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular
structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
11. metastatic calcification: accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t
hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
12. urate accumulation: sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders
collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
13. Coagulative Necrosis: kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia
14. Liquefactive Necrosis: nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
, 15. Caseous Necrosis: lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese
16. Fat Necrosis: breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps
17. Gangrenous Necrosis: Dry- dark
shriveled skin Wet- internal organs- can lead to
death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
18. Gout: E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
19. Rhabdomyolysis: E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush
injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of intracellular sodium, oncosis,
and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
