CARDIOPULMONARY FINAL EXAM
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ Cilia. Answer: fine hairlike structures in lower respiratory tract
◉ vibrissae. Answer: inside the nares-front of nose
◉ What is the largest cartilage in the airway. Answer: thyroid cartilage
◉ What cartilage in the airway is C shaped?. Answer: hyaline cartilage
◉ What cartilage protects the airway. Answer: cricoid cartilage
◉ What are the conchae and why are they important? How do they
function?. Answer: tiny bones that extend into nasal cavity, increasing
the surface area inside the nasal cavity. Increase the ability of nose to
filter, warm and humidify air
◉ How many cartilages are in the trachea and what is their purpose?.
Answer: 16-20 C shaped hyaline cartilage rings, with the open portion of
the rings facing the back of neck. The tracheal rings are completed by a
membrane that contains a smooth muscle called trachealis which
constricts the trachea allowing air to be expelled ith more force
, ◉ What are the types of cells found in the alveolar epithelium. Answer:
Type I cells, also called squamous pneumocytes, cover approximately
95% of the alveolar surface. These cells are the primary site of gas
exchange. They are unable to replicate, and when they die, they are
replaced by type II cells, which are also known as granular
penumocytes. The type II cells that take the place fo type I cells soon
convert to type I cells. Type II cells comprise the remaining 5% of the
alveolar surface. Then provide little structural support. They contain
lamellated bodies that transform into surfacttant.
◉ isothermic saturation boundary. Answer: point in the tracheobronchial
below which inspired air becomes warmed to body temperature and
fully saturated with water vapor
◉ Which bronchus is smaller in diameter and longer than the other?
Why?. Answer: Left bronchus.
The right main stem bronchi will branch into three lobes of the right
lung, whereas the left bronchi will only divide into airways that support
the two lobes of the left lung.
◉ Clara cells (club cells). Answer: nonciliated nonmucous secretory
cells of the broncholar epithelium. They secrete several proteins and are
believed to play a role in the regulation of pulmonary homeostasis in
both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.
◉ Pore of Kohn. Answer: openings between the alveoli that allow the
communication of two adjacent alveoli
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ Cilia. Answer: fine hairlike structures in lower respiratory tract
◉ vibrissae. Answer: inside the nares-front of nose
◉ What is the largest cartilage in the airway. Answer: thyroid cartilage
◉ What cartilage in the airway is C shaped?. Answer: hyaline cartilage
◉ What cartilage protects the airway. Answer: cricoid cartilage
◉ What are the conchae and why are they important? How do they
function?. Answer: tiny bones that extend into nasal cavity, increasing
the surface area inside the nasal cavity. Increase the ability of nose to
filter, warm and humidify air
◉ How many cartilages are in the trachea and what is their purpose?.
Answer: 16-20 C shaped hyaline cartilage rings, with the open portion of
the rings facing the back of neck. The tracheal rings are completed by a
membrane that contains a smooth muscle called trachealis which
constricts the trachea allowing air to be expelled ith more force
, ◉ What are the types of cells found in the alveolar epithelium. Answer:
Type I cells, also called squamous pneumocytes, cover approximately
95% of the alveolar surface. These cells are the primary site of gas
exchange. They are unable to replicate, and when they die, they are
replaced by type II cells, which are also known as granular
penumocytes. The type II cells that take the place fo type I cells soon
convert to type I cells. Type II cells comprise the remaining 5% of the
alveolar surface. Then provide little structural support. They contain
lamellated bodies that transform into surfacttant.
◉ isothermic saturation boundary. Answer: point in the tracheobronchial
below which inspired air becomes warmed to body temperature and
fully saturated with water vapor
◉ Which bronchus is smaller in diameter and longer than the other?
Why?. Answer: Left bronchus.
The right main stem bronchi will branch into three lobes of the right
lung, whereas the left bronchi will only divide into airways that support
the two lobes of the left lung.
◉ Clara cells (club cells). Answer: nonciliated nonmucous secretory
cells of the broncholar epithelium. They secrete several proteins and are
believed to play a role in the regulation of pulmonary homeostasis in
both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.
◉ Pore of Kohn. Answer: openings between the alveoli that allow the
communication of two adjacent alveoli
