HUMAN NUTRITION UPDATED TEST 3 PAPER
2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS AND FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Transportation of Synthesized Fat:
Answer: - Very low density lipoproteins (Lipoprotein)
- LDL (Lipoprotein)
- HDL (Lipoprotein)
◉ Lowering LDL Cholesterol
Answer: - Reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol
- Increase MUFA and PUFA
- Increase dietary fiber (soluble)
- Results in only minor changes in cholesterol
◉ Cholesterol and Diet
Answer: - Average person consumes from 400 to 800 mg/ day
- Synthesis by the body is between 1,000 and 2,000 mg/ day
- As intake increases, synthesis decreases and vice versa
- Must inhibit synthesis - Statin drugs
,◉ Raise the HDL
Answer: - Physical Activity
- At least 45 min. / day, 4 days a week
- Avoid smoking
- Eat regularly
- Eat less total fat
- Moderate intake of alcohol increases HDL
◉ Risk Factors for Heart Disease:
Answer: - Family history
- Smoking (Even second hand)
- High blood pressure
- High blood cholesterol (Hyperlipidemia)
-- > 200 mg/ dl of total cholesterol
-- HDL < 40 mg/ dl
- Diabetes
- Lack of regular exercise and obesity
◉ Recommendations for a Health Heart:
Answer: - NO RDA
- 4% of total kcal should come from essential fatty acids
- No more than 15% from PUFA
,- Current diet supplies ~33% of total kcal from fat (Much from
animal, whole milk, pastries, cheese, margarine, and mayo)
◉ The American Heart Association
Answer: - For high risk individuals
- < 20 - 30 % of total kcal from fat/ day
- < 7 - 10 % from saturated fat(Includes trans fatty acid)
- < 200 - 300 mg cholesterol a day
◉ Proteins
Answer: - Polymers of amino acids
- Must be digested and HYDROLYZED into amino acids to be
absorbed
- Used to make new proteins or converted to energy
- ~ 20% of human body is protein
◉ Functions of Proteins:
Answer: - Enzymes: Trypsin, Pepsin
- Storage: Ovalbumin, Ferritin
- Transport: Hemoglobin
- Contractile: Actin, Myosin
- Protective: Antibodies, Thrombin
, - Hormones: Insulin, Growth Hormone
- Structural: Keratin, Collagen, Elastin
◉ Sources of Protein:
Answer: - Eggs
- Milk
- Legumes
- Meat
- Fish
(4kcal / gm)
◉ Amino Acids
Answer: - Building blocks of proteins
- Contain an amino group (-NH2) and an acid group (-COOH)
- 20 different amino acids
- 100,000 different proteins in our body
◉ Peptide Bond
Answer: - Bond formed between amino acids
- Result of the reaction of an amino group (-NH2) of one with and
acid group (-COOH) of another
2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS AND FULL
SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ Transportation of Synthesized Fat:
Answer: - Very low density lipoproteins (Lipoprotein)
- LDL (Lipoprotein)
- HDL (Lipoprotein)
◉ Lowering LDL Cholesterol
Answer: - Reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol
- Increase MUFA and PUFA
- Increase dietary fiber (soluble)
- Results in only minor changes in cholesterol
◉ Cholesterol and Diet
Answer: - Average person consumes from 400 to 800 mg/ day
- Synthesis by the body is between 1,000 and 2,000 mg/ day
- As intake increases, synthesis decreases and vice versa
- Must inhibit synthesis - Statin drugs
,◉ Raise the HDL
Answer: - Physical Activity
- At least 45 min. / day, 4 days a week
- Avoid smoking
- Eat regularly
- Eat less total fat
- Moderate intake of alcohol increases HDL
◉ Risk Factors for Heart Disease:
Answer: - Family history
- Smoking (Even second hand)
- High blood pressure
- High blood cholesterol (Hyperlipidemia)
-- > 200 mg/ dl of total cholesterol
-- HDL < 40 mg/ dl
- Diabetes
- Lack of regular exercise and obesity
◉ Recommendations for a Health Heart:
Answer: - NO RDA
- 4% of total kcal should come from essential fatty acids
- No more than 15% from PUFA
,- Current diet supplies ~33% of total kcal from fat (Much from
animal, whole milk, pastries, cheese, margarine, and mayo)
◉ The American Heart Association
Answer: - For high risk individuals
- < 20 - 30 % of total kcal from fat/ day
- < 7 - 10 % from saturated fat(Includes trans fatty acid)
- < 200 - 300 mg cholesterol a day
◉ Proteins
Answer: - Polymers of amino acids
- Must be digested and HYDROLYZED into amino acids to be
absorbed
- Used to make new proteins or converted to energy
- ~ 20% of human body is protein
◉ Functions of Proteins:
Answer: - Enzymes: Trypsin, Pepsin
- Storage: Ovalbumin, Ferritin
- Transport: Hemoglobin
- Contractile: Actin, Myosin
- Protective: Antibodies, Thrombin
, - Hormones: Insulin, Growth Hormone
- Structural: Keratin, Collagen, Elastin
◉ Sources of Protein:
Answer: - Eggs
- Milk
- Legumes
- Meat
- Fish
(4kcal / gm)
◉ Amino Acids
Answer: - Building blocks of proteins
- Contain an amino group (-NH2) and an acid group (-COOH)
- 20 different amino acids
- 100,000 different proteins in our body
◉ Peptide Bond
Answer: - Bond formed between amino acids
- Result of the reaction of an amino group (-NH2) of one with and
acid group (-COOH) of another
