NUR2214: Nursing Care of the Older Adult Quiz 2 Review
(2026/2027) – Rasmussen University
SECTION 1: Theories of Aging & Psychosocial Aspects (Q1-Q10)
Q1: A nurse is caring for an older adult who maintains the same daily routine, values,
and social activities they have enjoyed for decades. The nurse recognizes this behavior
as consistent with which theory of aging?
A. Activity Theory
B. Continuity Theory [CORRECT]
C. Age Stratification Theory
D. Disengagement Theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Continuity Theory proposes that individuals maintain the same values,
beliefs, personality traits, and behaviors throughout life. Older adults prefer to maintain
order, independence, control, and routine in their activities of living. Activity Theory
emphasizes maintaining high activity levels. Age Stratification Theory addresses
societal ranking by age. Disengagement Theory (now largely rejected) suggested
mutual withdrawal between older adults and society. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen
NUR2214]
Q2: An older adult continues to volunteer at the local library, attend church, and
participate in community events despite retirement. According to the Activity Theory,
this behavior indicates:
A. Denial of aging
B. Life satisfaction in late adulthood [CORRECT]
C. Inappropriate level of activity for their age
D. Risk for burnout and illness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Activity Theory states that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when
people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life. Continued engagement
in meaningful activities promotes well-being and successful aging. This is not denial of
,aging or inappropriate activity. While balance is important, the theory emphasizes
maintaining activity, not reducing it. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q3: A nurse observes that younger staff members frequently speak loudly and slowly to
all older adult patients, assuming they are all hard of hearing and confused. This
behavior reflects:
A. Appropriate communication techniques
B. Age Stratification Theory and ageism [CORRECT]
C. Person-Environment Fit Theory
D. Continuity Theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Age Stratification Theory describes the hierarchical ranking of adults based
on age, where younger age groups are often perceived as more desirable and
competent. This leads to ageism—stereotyping and discriminating against older adults.
Assuming all older adults have sensory or cognitive deficits is ageist.
Person-Environment Fit addresses compatibility between individual and environment.
Continuity Theory addresses consistency in behavior. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen
NUR2214]
Q4: A nurse is assessing an older adult's home environment and notes that the home
has adequate lighting, grab bars in the bathroom, and a single-level layout. The nurse
recognizes that the environment supports the older adult's functional abilities. This
illustrates:
A. Free Radical Theory
B. Person-Environment Fit Theory [CORRECT]
C. Cross-Linkage Theory
D. Biological Clock Theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Person-Environment Fit Theory proposes that an older adult's characteristics
and levels of competencies interrelate with their environment. When the environment
supports the individual's abilities (adequate lighting, safety features, accessible layout),
the fit is optimal. Poor fit occurs when environmental demands exceed individual
capabilities. Biological theories (free radical, cross-linkage, biological clock) explain
cellular aging, not environmental interaction. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
,Q5: According to the Free Radical Theory of aging, which factor contributes most to
cellular damage?
A. Decreased hormone production
B. Incomplete molecules from metabolism and harmful substances causing DNA
destruction [CORRECT]
C. Excessive physical activity
D. Genetic preprogramming of cell death
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Free Radical Theory proposes that free radicals (incomplete molecules with
unpaired electrons) form from normal metabolism and overexposure to harmful
substances (radiation, pollution, toxins). These free radicals attack DNA, cell
membranes, and connective tissues, leading to cellular damage and aging. Genetic
preprogramming is the Biological Clock Theory. Decreased hormones and excessive
activity are not central to this theory. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q6: A nurse is explaining the Cross-Linkage Theory to a patient who asks why their skin
has become less elastic. The nurse explains that:
A. Cells have reached their genetically programmed limit of reproduction
B. Accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing bodily
processes [CORRECT]
C. Free radicals have destroyed all collagen fibers
D. The body has stopped producing new cells entirely
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cross-Linkage (Glycosylation) Theory states that glucose molecules attach to
proteins, forming cross-links that damage cells and tissues. This accumulation slows
bodily processes and contributes to stiffness, decreased elasticity, and organ
dysfunction. It does not involve genetic programming (Biological Clock Theory), free
radical destruction (Free Radical Theory), or complete cessation of cell production.
[100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q7: The Biological Clock Theory of aging proposes that:
A. Environmental factors determine lifespan exclusively
B. Cell reproduction and death are genetically preprogrammed, determining lifespan
[CORRECT]
, C. Physical wear and tear causes aging
D. Social activity levels control biological aging
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Biological Clock Theory (Programmed Theory) proposes that cell
reproduction and death are genetically preprogrammed, with each cell having a limited
number of divisions (Hayflick limit). Telomeres shorten with each division until cells can
no longer replicate. This genetic programming determines maximum lifespan.
Environmental factors, wear and tear, and social activity are separate influences. [100%
VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q8: A nurse is caring for an older adult who expresses deep spiritual peace and
acceptance of their life journey. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate?
A. Encourage the patient to focus on medical treatment only
B. Acknowledge and support the patient's degree of spiritual growth and development
[CORRECT]
C. Suggest the patient is giving up and needs antidepressants
D. Change the subject to avoid emotional discomfort
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nurses should acknowledge and support the older adult's degree or stage of
spiritual growth and development. Spiritual well-being is a key component of holistic
care in older adults. Many older adults experience spiritual maturity, acceptance, and
transcendence. Dismissing spirituality, pathologizing acceptance, or avoiding the topic
undermines therapeutic relationships and patient-centered care. [100% VERIFIED –
Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q9: An older adult tells the nurse they find meaning in life through meditation, nature
walks, and connection with grandchildren. The nurse documents this as:
A. Signs of depression and social withdrawal
B. Spiritual well-being and life meaning [CORRECT]
C. Inappropriate coping mechanisms for aging
D. Evidence of cognitive decline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Finding meaning through meditation, nature, and family connections reflects
spiritual well-being and successful psychosocial adaptation to aging. Spirituality
(2026/2027) – Rasmussen University
SECTION 1: Theories of Aging & Psychosocial Aspects (Q1-Q10)
Q1: A nurse is caring for an older adult who maintains the same daily routine, values,
and social activities they have enjoyed for decades. The nurse recognizes this behavior
as consistent with which theory of aging?
A. Activity Theory
B. Continuity Theory [CORRECT]
C. Age Stratification Theory
D. Disengagement Theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Continuity Theory proposes that individuals maintain the same values,
beliefs, personality traits, and behaviors throughout life. Older adults prefer to maintain
order, independence, control, and routine in their activities of living. Activity Theory
emphasizes maintaining high activity levels. Age Stratification Theory addresses
societal ranking by age. Disengagement Theory (now largely rejected) suggested
mutual withdrawal between older adults and society. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen
NUR2214]
Q2: An older adult continues to volunteer at the local library, attend church, and
participate in community events despite retirement. According to the Activity Theory,
this behavior indicates:
A. Denial of aging
B. Life satisfaction in late adulthood [CORRECT]
C. Inappropriate level of activity for their age
D. Risk for burnout and illness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Activity Theory states that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when
people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life. Continued engagement
in meaningful activities promotes well-being and successful aging. This is not denial of
,aging or inappropriate activity. While balance is important, the theory emphasizes
maintaining activity, not reducing it. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q3: A nurse observes that younger staff members frequently speak loudly and slowly to
all older adult patients, assuming they are all hard of hearing and confused. This
behavior reflects:
A. Appropriate communication techniques
B. Age Stratification Theory and ageism [CORRECT]
C. Person-Environment Fit Theory
D. Continuity Theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Age Stratification Theory describes the hierarchical ranking of adults based
on age, where younger age groups are often perceived as more desirable and
competent. This leads to ageism—stereotyping and discriminating against older adults.
Assuming all older adults have sensory or cognitive deficits is ageist.
Person-Environment Fit addresses compatibility between individual and environment.
Continuity Theory addresses consistency in behavior. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen
NUR2214]
Q4: A nurse is assessing an older adult's home environment and notes that the home
has adequate lighting, grab bars in the bathroom, and a single-level layout. The nurse
recognizes that the environment supports the older adult's functional abilities. This
illustrates:
A. Free Radical Theory
B. Person-Environment Fit Theory [CORRECT]
C. Cross-Linkage Theory
D. Biological Clock Theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Person-Environment Fit Theory proposes that an older adult's characteristics
and levels of competencies interrelate with their environment. When the environment
supports the individual's abilities (adequate lighting, safety features, accessible layout),
the fit is optimal. Poor fit occurs when environmental demands exceed individual
capabilities. Biological theories (free radical, cross-linkage, biological clock) explain
cellular aging, not environmental interaction. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
,Q5: According to the Free Radical Theory of aging, which factor contributes most to
cellular damage?
A. Decreased hormone production
B. Incomplete molecules from metabolism and harmful substances causing DNA
destruction [CORRECT]
C. Excessive physical activity
D. Genetic preprogramming of cell death
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Free Radical Theory proposes that free radicals (incomplete molecules with
unpaired electrons) form from normal metabolism and overexposure to harmful
substances (radiation, pollution, toxins). These free radicals attack DNA, cell
membranes, and connective tissues, leading to cellular damage and aging. Genetic
preprogramming is the Biological Clock Theory. Decreased hormones and excessive
activity are not central to this theory. [100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q6: A nurse is explaining the Cross-Linkage Theory to a patient who asks why their skin
has become less elastic. The nurse explains that:
A. Cells have reached their genetically programmed limit of reproduction
B. Accumulation of cross-linked proteins damages cells and tissues, slowing bodily
processes [CORRECT]
C. Free radicals have destroyed all collagen fibers
D. The body has stopped producing new cells entirely
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cross-Linkage (Glycosylation) Theory states that glucose molecules attach to
proteins, forming cross-links that damage cells and tissues. This accumulation slows
bodily processes and contributes to stiffness, decreased elasticity, and organ
dysfunction. It does not involve genetic programming (Biological Clock Theory), free
radical destruction (Free Radical Theory), or complete cessation of cell production.
[100% VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q7: The Biological Clock Theory of aging proposes that:
A. Environmental factors determine lifespan exclusively
B. Cell reproduction and death are genetically preprogrammed, determining lifespan
[CORRECT]
, C. Physical wear and tear causes aging
D. Social activity levels control biological aging
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Biological Clock Theory (Programmed Theory) proposes that cell
reproduction and death are genetically preprogrammed, with each cell having a limited
number of divisions (Hayflick limit). Telomeres shorten with each division until cells can
no longer replicate. This genetic programming determines maximum lifespan.
Environmental factors, wear and tear, and social activity are separate influences. [100%
VERIFIED – Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q8: A nurse is caring for an older adult who expresses deep spiritual peace and
acceptance of their life journey. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate?
A. Encourage the patient to focus on medical treatment only
B. Acknowledge and support the patient's degree of spiritual growth and development
[CORRECT]
C. Suggest the patient is giving up and needs antidepressants
D. Change the subject to avoid emotional discomfort
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nurses should acknowledge and support the older adult's degree or stage of
spiritual growth and development. Spiritual well-being is a key component of holistic
care in older adults. Many older adults experience spiritual maturity, acceptance, and
transcendence. Dismissing spirituality, pathologizing acceptance, or avoiding the topic
undermines therapeutic relationships and patient-centered care. [100% VERIFIED –
Rasmussen NUR2214]
Q9: An older adult tells the nurse they find meaning in life through meditation, nature
walks, and connection with grandchildren. The nurse documents this as:
A. Signs of depression and social withdrawal
B. Spiritual well-being and life meaning [CORRECT]
C. Inappropriate coping mechanisms for aging
D. Evidence of cognitive decline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Finding meaning through meditation, nature, and family connections reflects
spiritual well-being and successful psychosocial adaptation to aging. Spirituality
