NURSING FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS (NU 627)
EXAM 1
COMPLETE PRACTICE QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES |NEW 2026/2027
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT | VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS (GRADED A+)
Which of the following is an essential feature of professional nursing? Select
all that apply.
Answer: A, B, E, F
Rationales:
• A) Provision of a caring relationship to facilitate health and healing ✓ -
Caring is the foundation of professional nursing; therapeutic nurse-patient
relationships are essential for healing.
• B) Attention to a range of human experiences and responses to health
and illness ✓ - Nursing addresses the whole person, including physical,
emotional, social, and spiritual responses to health and illness.
• C) Use of objective data to negate the patient's subjective experience ✗ -
This is incorrect because nursing respects and incorporates both objective
AND subjective patient data.
• D) Use of judgment and critical thinking to form a medical diagnosis ✗
- Nurses form nursing diagnoses, not medical diagnoses. Medical diagnoses
are the domain of physicians.
• E) Advancement of professional nursing knowledge through scholarly
inquiry ✓ - Research and evidence-based practice are hallmarks of
professional nursing.
• F) Influence on social and public policy to promote social justice ✓ -
Professional nurses advocate for patients and communities through policy
engagement.
What nursing organization first legitimized the use of the nursing process?
Answer: B) American Nurses Association
,Rationale: The American Nurses Association (ANA) formally legitimized the
nursing process in 1973 by establishing standards of practice that included the
nursing process as the framework for nursing practice. The ANA's Standards of
Clinical Nursing Practice officially recognized assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation as the core components of nursing practice. While
the NLN, ICN, and State Boards play important roles, the ANA was the primary
organization to formally adopt and legitimize the nursing process as the standard
for professional nursing practice.
Which of the following group of terms best describes the nursing process?
Answer: C) Patient-centered, systematic, outcomes-oriented
Rationale:
• The nursing process is patient-centered because it focuses on the individual
patient's unique needs, preferences, and responses to health problems.
• It is systematic because it follows a logical, organized sequence of steps
(assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation) that are
interrelated and build upon each other.
• It is outcomes-oriented because it focuses on achieving specific,
measurable patient outcomes and evaluating the effectiveness of
interventions.
• The other options are incorrect because nursing is not nurse-centered, single-
focused, or intuitive-only. While goals and terminology are part of the
process, they do not fully capture its essential nature.
The nurse practitioner learns that a patient is taking herbal supplements for a
variety of reasons. What is an important point to discuss with the patient
about taking such supplements?
Answer: 3. Many supplements lack clear clinical evidence of efficacy
Rationale: While some herbal supplements may be beneficial, many lack rigorous
scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness. The FDA does not regulate
herbal supplements as strictly as prescription medications, meaning safety, purity,
and efficacy are not guaranteed. Options 1 and 2 are incorrect because not all
supplements are unsafe, and they are not necessarily safer than prescription
medications. Option 4 is incorrect because many supplements can be taken with
prescription medications, though interactions should be monitored. The key point
is that patients should be educated about the lack of evidence for many
,supplements and the importance of disclosing all supplement use to healthcare
providers.
Based on an established plan of care, a nurse turns a patient every 2 hours.
What part of the nursing process is the nurse using?
Answer: C) Implementing
Rationale: Implementation is the step of the nursing process where the nurse
carries out (implements) the planned nursing interventions. Turning a patient every
2 hours is a nursing intervention that was previously planned based on the patient's
risk for skin breakdown. The nurse is performing the action from the care plan,
which is the definition of implementation. Assessment would be gathering data,
planning would involve creating the intervention, and evaluation would involve
determining if the intervention was effective. The fact that the nurse is acting on an
established plan specifically identifies this as implementation.
Which of the following statements indicates that a plan to assist a patient in
developing and following an exercise program has been effective?
Answer: D) I have lost 10 pounds because I walk 2 miles every day.
Rationale: This response demonstrates the patient has not only understood the
teaching but has actually implemented the exercise program and achieved
measurable results. The key indicators of effectiveness include:
• Patient verbalization of consistent exercise behavior ("walk 2 miles every
day")
• Evidence of positive outcomes (weight loss)
• Patient ownership of the behavior (taking credit for the action)
• Clear connection between the intervention and the outcome
Option A indicates non-adherence (excuses), B indicates procrastination (will
begin "next week"), and C indicates resistance or rationalization rather than
behavior change.
What name is given to standardized plans of care?
Answer: A) Critical pathways
Rationale: Critical pathways (also called care maps or clinical pathways) are
standardized, evidence-based plans of care that outline expected outcomes and
interventions for specific diagnoses or procedures. They serve as interdisciplinary
tools to coordinate care, track progress, and identify variances from expected
outcomes.
, • Computer databases (B) are technology tools that may contain care plans but
are not the plans themselves
• Nursing problems (C) are the issues identified through nursing diagnosis
• Care plan templates (D) are generic formats, but critical pathways are more
specific, time-oriented tools
Which of the following groups developed standard language to increase the
visibility of nursing contribution to patient care by continuing to develop,
refine, and classify phenomena of concern to nurses?
Answer: A) NANDA
Rationale: NANDA International (formerly the North American Nursing
Diagnosis Association) developed standardized nursing diagnostic terminology to:
• Provide a common language for nurses worldwide
• Classify phenomena of concern to nurses
• Increase visibility of nursing contributions to patient outcomes
• Support research and evidence-based practice
• NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification) classifies nursing interventions,
not diagnoses
• NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification) classifies patient outcomes
• HHCC (Home Health Care Classification) is specific to home health
settings
A 68-year-old female who is from the Middle East schedules an appointment
in a primary care office. To provide culturally responsive care what will the
clinic personnel do when meeting this patient for the first time?
Answer: 3. Inquire about the patient's beliefs about health and treatment
Rationale: Culturally responsive care requires individualizing care based on the
specific patient's beliefs, preferences, and values, not making assumptions based on
cultural background alone. The most appropriate action is to directly ask the
patient about her health beliefs, which:
• Respects the patient as an individual
• Avoids stereotyping
• Establishes a therapeutic relationship
• Gathers essential information for culturally competent care
Option 1 (ensuring female provider) assumes a preference that may or may not
exist. Option 2 (including male family member) assumes cultural patterns without
EXAM 1
COMPLETE PRACTICE QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES |NEW 2026/2027
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT | VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS (GRADED A+)
Which of the following is an essential feature of professional nursing? Select
all that apply.
Answer: A, B, E, F
Rationales:
• A) Provision of a caring relationship to facilitate health and healing ✓ -
Caring is the foundation of professional nursing; therapeutic nurse-patient
relationships are essential for healing.
• B) Attention to a range of human experiences and responses to health
and illness ✓ - Nursing addresses the whole person, including physical,
emotional, social, and spiritual responses to health and illness.
• C) Use of objective data to negate the patient's subjective experience ✗ -
This is incorrect because nursing respects and incorporates both objective
AND subjective patient data.
• D) Use of judgment and critical thinking to form a medical diagnosis ✗
- Nurses form nursing diagnoses, not medical diagnoses. Medical diagnoses
are the domain of physicians.
• E) Advancement of professional nursing knowledge through scholarly
inquiry ✓ - Research and evidence-based practice are hallmarks of
professional nursing.
• F) Influence on social and public policy to promote social justice ✓ -
Professional nurses advocate for patients and communities through policy
engagement.
What nursing organization first legitimized the use of the nursing process?
Answer: B) American Nurses Association
,Rationale: The American Nurses Association (ANA) formally legitimized the
nursing process in 1973 by establishing standards of practice that included the
nursing process as the framework for nursing practice. The ANA's Standards of
Clinical Nursing Practice officially recognized assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation as the core components of nursing practice. While
the NLN, ICN, and State Boards play important roles, the ANA was the primary
organization to formally adopt and legitimize the nursing process as the standard
for professional nursing practice.
Which of the following group of terms best describes the nursing process?
Answer: C) Patient-centered, systematic, outcomes-oriented
Rationale:
• The nursing process is patient-centered because it focuses on the individual
patient's unique needs, preferences, and responses to health problems.
• It is systematic because it follows a logical, organized sequence of steps
(assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation) that are
interrelated and build upon each other.
• It is outcomes-oriented because it focuses on achieving specific,
measurable patient outcomes and evaluating the effectiveness of
interventions.
• The other options are incorrect because nursing is not nurse-centered, single-
focused, or intuitive-only. While goals and terminology are part of the
process, they do not fully capture its essential nature.
The nurse practitioner learns that a patient is taking herbal supplements for a
variety of reasons. What is an important point to discuss with the patient
about taking such supplements?
Answer: 3. Many supplements lack clear clinical evidence of efficacy
Rationale: While some herbal supplements may be beneficial, many lack rigorous
scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness. The FDA does not regulate
herbal supplements as strictly as prescription medications, meaning safety, purity,
and efficacy are not guaranteed. Options 1 and 2 are incorrect because not all
supplements are unsafe, and they are not necessarily safer than prescription
medications. Option 4 is incorrect because many supplements can be taken with
prescription medications, though interactions should be monitored. The key point
is that patients should be educated about the lack of evidence for many
,supplements and the importance of disclosing all supplement use to healthcare
providers.
Based on an established plan of care, a nurse turns a patient every 2 hours.
What part of the nursing process is the nurse using?
Answer: C) Implementing
Rationale: Implementation is the step of the nursing process where the nurse
carries out (implements) the planned nursing interventions. Turning a patient every
2 hours is a nursing intervention that was previously planned based on the patient's
risk for skin breakdown. The nurse is performing the action from the care plan,
which is the definition of implementation. Assessment would be gathering data,
planning would involve creating the intervention, and evaluation would involve
determining if the intervention was effective. The fact that the nurse is acting on an
established plan specifically identifies this as implementation.
Which of the following statements indicates that a plan to assist a patient in
developing and following an exercise program has been effective?
Answer: D) I have lost 10 pounds because I walk 2 miles every day.
Rationale: This response demonstrates the patient has not only understood the
teaching but has actually implemented the exercise program and achieved
measurable results. The key indicators of effectiveness include:
• Patient verbalization of consistent exercise behavior ("walk 2 miles every
day")
• Evidence of positive outcomes (weight loss)
• Patient ownership of the behavior (taking credit for the action)
• Clear connection between the intervention and the outcome
Option A indicates non-adherence (excuses), B indicates procrastination (will
begin "next week"), and C indicates resistance or rationalization rather than
behavior change.
What name is given to standardized plans of care?
Answer: A) Critical pathways
Rationale: Critical pathways (also called care maps or clinical pathways) are
standardized, evidence-based plans of care that outline expected outcomes and
interventions for specific diagnoses or procedures. They serve as interdisciplinary
tools to coordinate care, track progress, and identify variances from expected
outcomes.
, • Computer databases (B) are technology tools that may contain care plans but
are not the plans themselves
• Nursing problems (C) are the issues identified through nursing diagnosis
• Care plan templates (D) are generic formats, but critical pathways are more
specific, time-oriented tools
Which of the following groups developed standard language to increase the
visibility of nursing contribution to patient care by continuing to develop,
refine, and classify phenomena of concern to nurses?
Answer: A) NANDA
Rationale: NANDA International (formerly the North American Nursing
Diagnosis Association) developed standardized nursing diagnostic terminology to:
• Provide a common language for nurses worldwide
• Classify phenomena of concern to nurses
• Increase visibility of nursing contributions to patient outcomes
• Support research and evidence-based practice
• NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification) classifies nursing interventions,
not diagnoses
• NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification) classifies patient outcomes
• HHCC (Home Health Care Classification) is specific to home health
settings
A 68-year-old female who is from the Middle East schedules an appointment
in a primary care office. To provide culturally responsive care what will the
clinic personnel do when meeting this patient for the first time?
Answer: 3. Inquire about the patient's beliefs about health and treatment
Rationale: Culturally responsive care requires individualizing care based on the
specific patient's beliefs, preferences, and values, not making assumptions based on
cultural background alone. The most appropriate action is to directly ask the
patient about her health beliefs, which:
• Respects the patient as an individual
• Avoids stereotyping
• Establishes a therapeutic relationship
• Gathers essential information for culturally competent care
Option 1 (ensuring female provider) assumes a preference that may or may not
exist. Option 2 (including male family member) assumes cultural patterns without
