HOSA CERT EXAM HIGH-YIELD
PROFESSIONALISM, HEALTHCARE ETHICS, AND
EMERGENCY RESPONSE BASICS SUMMARY
2026
◉ Head-to-toe Assessment.
Answer: Look for DCAP-BTLS
Deformities
Contusions (bruising)
Abrasions
Punctures
Burns
Tenderness
Lacerations
Swelling
Order: Head, neck, shoulders, chest, arms, abdomen, pelvis, legs
◉ What are the 6 components/parts of the respiratory system.
Answer: Lungs, Bronchus, Larynx, Pharynx, Nasal Cavity, Trachea
◉ What is "shock"?.
,Answer: Condition when the body is not getting enough blood flow.
It can lead to death of cells, tissues, and entire organs
◉ Main Signs of Shock.
Answer: Rapid and shallow Breathing
Capillary refill of greater than 2 seconds
Failure to follow simple commands like "squeeze my hand"
◉ Shock Procedure.
Answer: 1. Maintain an open airway
2. Control obvious bleeding
3. Maintain body tempurature (possibly with blankets)
4. Put on back and elevate feet above head
5. Do not feed them or give them a drink
◉ Phase 3.
Answer: Death is several days or weeks as a result of infection or
multiple-organ faliure (i.e. complictions from an injury)
◉ 3 evaluations for shock.
Answer: 1. Breathing: Note if rapid and shallow (more than 30
breathes/minute)
, 2. Circulation: Blanch test in palm or nail bed, should turn pink after
2 seconds (don't use on kids)
- Use radial pulse test if dark/cold
- Use middle and ring finger to check pulse (60-100 beats/minute is
normal)
3. Mental Status: main method of evaluation for kids --> Ask if they
are okay, simple commands, squeeze thier hand and see if they
sqeeze back.
◉ Head Tilt Chin Lift (HTCL).
Answer: 1. Touch shoulders and ask loudly, "Can you hear me?"
2. If didn't/can't reply, place the palm of your hand on their forehead
3. Leave your palm on their forehead. Lift jaw while lifting head by
placing two fingers under chin
4. Place ear by mouth, hand on chest and look towards feet
5. Look for chest rise, listen for air exchange, Feel for abdominal
movement
6. Document abnormalities
7. If breathing is restored, continue with the position of the head.
If not, repeat steps 2-6.
If breathing is not restored after two tries, move on.
◉ The Richter scale.
PROFESSIONALISM, HEALTHCARE ETHICS, AND
EMERGENCY RESPONSE BASICS SUMMARY
2026
◉ Head-to-toe Assessment.
Answer: Look for DCAP-BTLS
Deformities
Contusions (bruising)
Abrasions
Punctures
Burns
Tenderness
Lacerations
Swelling
Order: Head, neck, shoulders, chest, arms, abdomen, pelvis, legs
◉ What are the 6 components/parts of the respiratory system.
Answer: Lungs, Bronchus, Larynx, Pharynx, Nasal Cavity, Trachea
◉ What is "shock"?.
,Answer: Condition when the body is not getting enough blood flow.
It can lead to death of cells, tissues, and entire organs
◉ Main Signs of Shock.
Answer: Rapid and shallow Breathing
Capillary refill of greater than 2 seconds
Failure to follow simple commands like "squeeze my hand"
◉ Shock Procedure.
Answer: 1. Maintain an open airway
2. Control obvious bleeding
3. Maintain body tempurature (possibly with blankets)
4. Put on back and elevate feet above head
5. Do not feed them or give them a drink
◉ Phase 3.
Answer: Death is several days or weeks as a result of infection or
multiple-organ faliure (i.e. complictions from an injury)
◉ 3 evaluations for shock.
Answer: 1. Breathing: Note if rapid and shallow (more than 30
breathes/minute)
, 2. Circulation: Blanch test in palm or nail bed, should turn pink after
2 seconds (don't use on kids)
- Use radial pulse test if dark/cold
- Use middle and ring finger to check pulse (60-100 beats/minute is
normal)
3. Mental Status: main method of evaluation for kids --> Ask if they
are okay, simple commands, squeeze thier hand and see if they
sqeeze back.
◉ Head Tilt Chin Lift (HTCL).
Answer: 1. Touch shoulders and ask loudly, "Can you hear me?"
2. If didn't/can't reply, place the palm of your hand on their forehead
3. Leave your palm on their forehead. Lift jaw while lifting head by
placing two fingers under chin
4. Place ear by mouth, hand on chest and look towards feet
5. Look for chest rise, listen for air exchange, Feel for abdominal
movement
6. Document abnormalities
7. If breathing is restored, continue with the position of the head.
If not, repeat steps 2-6.
If breathing is not restored after two tries, move on.
◉ The Richter scale.
