PEDIATRICS/OB-GYN+GERONTOLOGY
QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE
ANSWERS UPDATED 2026-2027
# Term Definition
1 APGAR scoring criteria (0, 1, 2) 8-10 >
healthy 7> neurological issue 4> HR: absent, 100 RESP EFFORT: absent, slow/irregular,
depression good/crying MUSCLE TONE: flaccid, some flexion, active
REFLEX IRRITABILITY: no response, crying, crying
vigorously/ sneeze, cough COLOR: blue/pale, pink w
blue extremities, pink all over
2 TRUE
TRUE or FALSE insert rectal
thermometer approx 1 in into anus at
approx 20 degree angle
3 Newborn vitals HR RR BP
HR 130-160 RR 30-60 BP 64/41 mmHg, *infants
(aged over one month) it is around 95/58 mmHg TEMP:
97.0 F (36.1 C) and 100.3 LENGTH: 20-21 in WEIGHT: 7-
8 lbs HEAD CIR: 13-15 in (increase approx 1 cm per
month or 2 cm in first 3 months) Chest is 1-2 cm
smaller than headf
4 When is juandice normal vs abnormal?
NORMAL: day 2-7 ABNORMAL:appears w/in 24 hrs of
interpret finding
birth= hemolytic disease accompanying
hyperbilirubinemia >5 mg/dl per day is abnormal >17
mg/dl total labs: serum fractiontionated bilirubin
Coombs CBC
Reticulocyte test (RBC) pap smear past 2 weeks= bililary
obstruction Tx: 1st line is *Phototherapy breastfeeding
(10+day)
5 NORMAL vs ABNORMAL finding in
HEAD NORMAL: -capat succedanem - DOES cross suture line,
fluid accumulation above periosteum resolves in days
ABNORMAL -cephalohematoma- does NOT cross
suture lines; bleeding below periosteum, mainly
caused by forceps/vaccum = increase rx of juandice -
subgaleal hemmorhage-extensive swelling that DOES
cross suture lines; bleeding due to rupture of emissary
veins
, 6 ABNORMAL finding in EARS
ABNORMAL: -pits/skin tags=hearing loss/kidney issues
(renal US required) -low-set ears= (trisomy 18, turner
or down syndrome)
# Term Definition
7 ABNORMAL finding in EYES
ABNORMAL: genetic syndromes: -epicanthal folds
(excess skin over medial eye) -upslanting (down
syndrome) -coloboma-missing pieces of eye tissue -
acute *Dacryocytitis presenting w mucous yellow-
green discharge, warm, swelling, tender on one
lacrimal duct NORMAL persistent tearing or eye
matting culture and tx w ABT 7-10 days
8 ABNORMAL finding in NOSE /
EYES: Choanal atresia -when one or both sides of the
MOUTH
nasal airway are narrowed or blocked MOUTH:
Ankyloglossis-frenotomy needed
9 ABNORMAL finding in NECK
congenital torticollis - neck ROM impairment due to
SCM muscle swelling -webbing ( Turner syndrome) -
redundant skin (Noonan syndrome)
10 DISEASE PROCESSES FOR PEDS
11 Coaraction of Aorta (obstruction of
narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arterious *BP
blood flow)
increases in upper extremities (vs lower) bounding
pulses in arms weak/absent pulses in femoral cool
lower extremities
12 Meningitis s/s, dx prep, tx and
prevention, precaution s/s: bulging fontannel high pitched crying fever
neck/nucheal rigidity photophobia n/v Dx Prep: CSF
analysis to determine if bac/viral Have child empty
his/her bladder. Apply EMLA cream over areas 1 hr prior
to procedure. place child in side-lying/cannonball for
puncture and then flat for recovery up to 12 hr to
prevent CSF leakage (and headache)! prevention:
Hib/PCV13/ meningococcal precaution: DROPLET
Incubation period: up to 24 hours after tx
,13 FALSE protein INCREASED, glucose DECREASED gram
TRUE or FALSE glucose is elevated and stain + for bacterial
protein is decreased in CSF/lumbar
tap analysis for meningitis
# Term Definition
14 Reyes Syndrome causes, *Rx fx, s/s, dx,
Caused by: encephalopathy and fatty changes in liver
tx
Rx fx: Aspirin (AVOID!) recent viral infection s/s:
Irritability, confusion excessive vomiting seizures, loss
of consciousness Labs: Elevated liver enzymes (AST,
ALT), elevated serum ammonia level Diagnosis: Liver
biopsy CSF analysis to rule out meningitis Nursing Care:
-Decrease ICP (maintain head in neutral position, HOB
>= 30 degrees, administer mannitol) -prevent
hemorrhage (monitor for bleeding, administer vitamin
K)
15
What are 2 rules to observe prior to
Have patient abstain from caffeine prior to procedure.
getting an EEG for a diagnosis to r/o
NPO not necessary! Wash hair prior to procedure
seizure
16 Head Injury Nursing interventions to
decrease ICP: Elevate head of bed to 30 degrees. Position head in
neutral, midline position. Educate pt to avoid coughing,
blowing nose. Administer stool softeners to prevent
straining. Insert urinary catheter. • Minimize
suctioning. Decrease stimulation (limit visitors, noise) •
Implement seizure precautions. MEDS: • Mannitol:
osmotic diuretic, decreases cerebral edema.
Antiepileptics: prevents+ treats seizures • Antibiotics:
for CSF leakage and penetrating injuries
, 17 Difference btwn Conductive &
Sensorineural Hearing loss s/s in infants Conductive loss: Issue in middle ear that blocks sound
& children waves from reaching inner ear -due to cerumen or ear
infections sound will be heard best in the AFFECTED ear
hear better w LOUDER sounds Sensorineural hearing
loss: Issue in inner ear or auditory sound will be heard
best in the NORMAL ear hear better with QUIET sounds
Infants: Lack of startle reflex, not making babbling
sounds by 7 months old Children: Delayed speech (no
intelligible speech by 2 years old), yelling, shy behavior
(avoids interactions with others)
# Term Definition
18 Down Syndrome patho, s/s,
complications, rx fx, Patho: Chromosomal abnormality resulting in
interventions/teaching congenital heart defects, immune system dysfunction,
thyroid dysfunction, and leukemia. Risk factors:
Maternal age > 35, Paternal age > 55. Physical
assessment: -Small round head, flattened forehead -
small nose and ears -upward/outward slant to eyes -
protruding abdomen -short stature -hypotonia -poor
moro reflex Complications: -Respiratory infections -
vision/hearing issues CHF hearing loss/ sleep anea
IN/teaching: Caution w sport activities due to spinal
cord injury rx -Aspirate nasal secretions -rinse mouth
after feedings -provide cool mist humidification -
encourage exercise & frequent repositioning
19 TRUE or FALSE When using a DPI, shake
FALSE Do not shake device! Spacer not used
device! Spacer used
NOTE: Administer bronchodilator or nebulizer
30 min - 1 hr prior to chest physiotherapy
20 when using O2 devices:
Select catheter 1/2 of diameter of trach tube humidy if
>4 L high fowlers hyperoxygenate prior to suctioning
only suction as needed Allow 30-60 secs btwn
suctioning attempts Oxygen hood: Fits over infant's
head, minimum flow rate: 4-5 L/min.
QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE
ANSWERS UPDATED 2026-2027
# Term Definition
1 APGAR scoring criteria (0, 1, 2) 8-10 >
healthy 7> neurological issue 4> HR: absent, 100 RESP EFFORT: absent, slow/irregular,
depression good/crying MUSCLE TONE: flaccid, some flexion, active
REFLEX IRRITABILITY: no response, crying, crying
vigorously/ sneeze, cough COLOR: blue/pale, pink w
blue extremities, pink all over
2 TRUE
TRUE or FALSE insert rectal
thermometer approx 1 in into anus at
approx 20 degree angle
3 Newborn vitals HR RR BP
HR 130-160 RR 30-60 BP 64/41 mmHg, *infants
(aged over one month) it is around 95/58 mmHg TEMP:
97.0 F (36.1 C) and 100.3 LENGTH: 20-21 in WEIGHT: 7-
8 lbs HEAD CIR: 13-15 in (increase approx 1 cm per
month or 2 cm in first 3 months) Chest is 1-2 cm
smaller than headf
4 When is juandice normal vs abnormal?
NORMAL: day 2-7 ABNORMAL:appears w/in 24 hrs of
interpret finding
birth= hemolytic disease accompanying
hyperbilirubinemia >5 mg/dl per day is abnormal >17
mg/dl total labs: serum fractiontionated bilirubin
Coombs CBC
Reticulocyte test (RBC) pap smear past 2 weeks= bililary
obstruction Tx: 1st line is *Phototherapy breastfeeding
(10+day)
5 NORMAL vs ABNORMAL finding in
HEAD NORMAL: -capat succedanem - DOES cross suture line,
fluid accumulation above periosteum resolves in days
ABNORMAL -cephalohematoma- does NOT cross
suture lines; bleeding below periosteum, mainly
caused by forceps/vaccum = increase rx of juandice -
subgaleal hemmorhage-extensive swelling that DOES
cross suture lines; bleeding due to rupture of emissary
veins
, 6 ABNORMAL finding in EARS
ABNORMAL: -pits/skin tags=hearing loss/kidney issues
(renal US required) -low-set ears= (trisomy 18, turner
or down syndrome)
# Term Definition
7 ABNORMAL finding in EYES
ABNORMAL: genetic syndromes: -epicanthal folds
(excess skin over medial eye) -upslanting (down
syndrome) -coloboma-missing pieces of eye tissue -
acute *Dacryocytitis presenting w mucous yellow-
green discharge, warm, swelling, tender on one
lacrimal duct NORMAL persistent tearing or eye
matting culture and tx w ABT 7-10 days
8 ABNORMAL finding in NOSE /
EYES: Choanal atresia -when one or both sides of the
MOUTH
nasal airway are narrowed or blocked MOUTH:
Ankyloglossis-frenotomy needed
9 ABNORMAL finding in NECK
congenital torticollis - neck ROM impairment due to
SCM muscle swelling -webbing ( Turner syndrome) -
redundant skin (Noonan syndrome)
10 DISEASE PROCESSES FOR PEDS
11 Coaraction of Aorta (obstruction of
narrowing of the aorta near the ductus arterious *BP
blood flow)
increases in upper extremities (vs lower) bounding
pulses in arms weak/absent pulses in femoral cool
lower extremities
12 Meningitis s/s, dx prep, tx and
prevention, precaution s/s: bulging fontannel high pitched crying fever
neck/nucheal rigidity photophobia n/v Dx Prep: CSF
analysis to determine if bac/viral Have child empty
his/her bladder. Apply EMLA cream over areas 1 hr prior
to procedure. place child in side-lying/cannonball for
puncture and then flat for recovery up to 12 hr to
prevent CSF leakage (and headache)! prevention:
Hib/PCV13/ meningococcal precaution: DROPLET
Incubation period: up to 24 hours after tx
,13 FALSE protein INCREASED, glucose DECREASED gram
TRUE or FALSE glucose is elevated and stain + for bacterial
protein is decreased in CSF/lumbar
tap analysis for meningitis
# Term Definition
14 Reyes Syndrome causes, *Rx fx, s/s, dx,
Caused by: encephalopathy and fatty changes in liver
tx
Rx fx: Aspirin (AVOID!) recent viral infection s/s:
Irritability, confusion excessive vomiting seizures, loss
of consciousness Labs: Elevated liver enzymes (AST,
ALT), elevated serum ammonia level Diagnosis: Liver
biopsy CSF analysis to rule out meningitis Nursing Care:
-Decrease ICP (maintain head in neutral position, HOB
>= 30 degrees, administer mannitol) -prevent
hemorrhage (monitor for bleeding, administer vitamin
K)
15
What are 2 rules to observe prior to
Have patient abstain from caffeine prior to procedure.
getting an EEG for a diagnosis to r/o
NPO not necessary! Wash hair prior to procedure
seizure
16 Head Injury Nursing interventions to
decrease ICP: Elevate head of bed to 30 degrees. Position head in
neutral, midline position. Educate pt to avoid coughing,
blowing nose. Administer stool softeners to prevent
straining. Insert urinary catheter. • Minimize
suctioning. Decrease stimulation (limit visitors, noise) •
Implement seizure precautions. MEDS: • Mannitol:
osmotic diuretic, decreases cerebral edema.
Antiepileptics: prevents+ treats seizures • Antibiotics:
for CSF leakage and penetrating injuries
, 17 Difference btwn Conductive &
Sensorineural Hearing loss s/s in infants Conductive loss: Issue in middle ear that blocks sound
& children waves from reaching inner ear -due to cerumen or ear
infections sound will be heard best in the AFFECTED ear
hear better w LOUDER sounds Sensorineural hearing
loss: Issue in inner ear or auditory sound will be heard
best in the NORMAL ear hear better with QUIET sounds
Infants: Lack of startle reflex, not making babbling
sounds by 7 months old Children: Delayed speech (no
intelligible speech by 2 years old), yelling, shy behavior
(avoids interactions with others)
# Term Definition
18 Down Syndrome patho, s/s,
complications, rx fx, Patho: Chromosomal abnormality resulting in
interventions/teaching congenital heart defects, immune system dysfunction,
thyroid dysfunction, and leukemia. Risk factors:
Maternal age > 35, Paternal age > 55. Physical
assessment: -Small round head, flattened forehead -
small nose and ears -upward/outward slant to eyes -
protruding abdomen -short stature -hypotonia -poor
moro reflex Complications: -Respiratory infections -
vision/hearing issues CHF hearing loss/ sleep anea
IN/teaching: Caution w sport activities due to spinal
cord injury rx -Aspirate nasal secretions -rinse mouth
after feedings -provide cool mist humidification -
encourage exercise & frequent repositioning
19 TRUE or FALSE When using a DPI, shake
FALSE Do not shake device! Spacer not used
device! Spacer used
NOTE: Administer bronchodilator or nebulizer
30 min - 1 hr prior to chest physiotherapy
20 when using O2 devices:
Select catheter 1/2 of diameter of trach tube humidy if
>4 L high fowlers hyperoxygenate prior to suctioning
only suction as needed Allow 30-60 secs btwn
suctioning attempts Oxygen hood: Fits over infant's
head, minimum flow rate: 4-5 L/min.
