UTA Pathophysiology Exam 2- NURS 3366
1. innate (natural) defense mechanisms we are born with
resistance
1st line: physical barriers that are immediate and non-specific
2nd line: inflammation, which is immediate and non-specific
(can also relate to our species, like we are naturally resistant to dog/cat specific
diseases)
2. acquired (adap- 3rd line of defense
tive immunity) -immunocyte (lymphocytes, B and T cells) involvement, this response is delayed
and specific
-acquired through previous exposure to infections and other foreign agents
3. Neutrophils -part of innate immunity
-primary phagocyte that arrives early at the site of inflammation (usually with in
90 minutes of the injury), in the blood count they will increase in number during
the inflammatory process, especially with bacterial infections
-have a life span of 10 hours, so they will need to be replaced
4. Eosinophils -part of innate immunity
-circulate in the blood and are recruited to tissues, similar to neutrophils
5. Macrophages -part of innate immunity
-engulf larger and greater quantities of foreign material than the neutrophils,
-they live longer and signal the process of immunity to help resolve the inflam-
matory process and contribute to initiation of the healing process
6. Basophils
, UTA Pathophysiology Exam 2- NURS 3366
blood granulocytes with structural and functional similarities to mast cells of the
connective tissue
7. first line of de- physical/mechanical and biochemical barriers
fense
-part of innate resistance
-includes skin and its glands, and membraces/glands of body openings
-responds immediate and non-specific
if stressor breaches the first line, 2nd and 3rd come into play
8. skin and its part of our first line of defense
glands defense
system -covering that protects us from heat, cold, environmental hazards
-the skin does desquamation (shredding of skin cells = bacteria sheds too)
-glands secrete sweat, which has antibacterial and antifungal properties
9. what are stres- lacerations, abrasions, punctures, etc.
sors that can
breach the skin
and its glands?
10. why does the shedding of skin cells = bacteria sheds too
desquamation of
skin help us?
11. why does sweat- sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
ing help our im-
mune system? -the chemical that sweat is made of can attack cell walls of certain bacteria
-it also helps make the skin acidic, which makes it inhospitable to most bacteria
12.
, UTA Pathophysiology Exam 2- NURS 3366
mem- part of the first line of defense
branes/glands of -tears: blinking causes lacrimal glands to spread tears over eyes & the tears drain
body openings into lacrimal ducts, washing the eye regularly
(EYE'S DEFENSE)
-eyelashes
13. what are stres- Dry Eye Syndrome- manufacturing of tears slows down, happens to some degree
sors that can to almost everyone as they age
breach the eye's
defense? Sjogren's Syndrome- autoimmune disease that dries up all lubricating fluids in
the body (mucus membranes can be dried)
14. mem- part of first line of defense
branes/glands of
body openings -viscosity of mucus (thick) in nose plus hair traps bacteria, same with wax and hair
(RESPIRATORY in the ears
SYSTEM
-cilia of cells in bronchi can sweep away foreign bodies
DEFENSES)
-cough reflex: if a foreign body is inhaled and reaches the carina (which is where
the right and left lung split), then cough reflex is stimulated
15. what are stres- cigarette smoking: changes bronchial cells, no more cilia (metaplasia)
sors that can
breach the res- cough reflex suppression such as in head injury or stroke
piratory system's
defenses?
16. mem- part of first line of defense
branes/glands of
body openings -saliva: contains protective enzymes
(GI SYSTEM
-stomach: HCL destroys most microbes
DEFENSES)
, UTA Pathophysiology Exam 2- NURS 3366
-gag reflex/vomiting: gets rid of injurious agents like harmful bacteria
-the bowels have many good flora, microbes that keep out malicious microbes by
competing for food
-defecation: gets rid of injurious agents like harmful bacteria
17. what are stres- -Sjogren's also, because it dries up salvia and that equals less protection in the
sors that can mouth
breach the GI
system defens- -anything that changes the bowel flora can leave us open to invading microbes
es? (ex. of what might change the bowel flora is antibiotics)
18. mem- part of first line of defense
branes/glands of -flow of urine washes away microbes (better in men usually, because they have a
body openings longer urethra)
(GENITOURI-
NARY/GU -vaginal secretions: slightly acidic which kills bacteria
SYSTEM
DEFENSES)
19. what are stres- -decreased urine flow, as in kidney stones or kidney failure
sors that can
breach the GU -anything that vaginal acidity, like harsh soaps or douching
system?
20. second line of NORMAL inflammatory process
defense (nor-
mal inflamma- -inflammation is a state of INNATE defense characterized by being immediate and
tion process) nonspecific AND
-expected manifestations such as a certain ("normal") degree of swelling, heat,
erythema (redness) and pain
1. innate (natural) defense mechanisms we are born with
resistance
1st line: physical barriers that are immediate and non-specific
2nd line: inflammation, which is immediate and non-specific
(can also relate to our species, like we are naturally resistant to dog/cat specific
diseases)
2. acquired (adap- 3rd line of defense
tive immunity) -immunocyte (lymphocytes, B and T cells) involvement, this response is delayed
and specific
-acquired through previous exposure to infections and other foreign agents
3. Neutrophils -part of innate immunity
-primary phagocyte that arrives early at the site of inflammation (usually with in
90 minutes of the injury), in the blood count they will increase in number during
the inflammatory process, especially with bacterial infections
-have a life span of 10 hours, so they will need to be replaced
4. Eosinophils -part of innate immunity
-circulate in the blood and are recruited to tissues, similar to neutrophils
5. Macrophages -part of innate immunity
-engulf larger and greater quantities of foreign material than the neutrophils,
-they live longer and signal the process of immunity to help resolve the inflam-
matory process and contribute to initiation of the healing process
6. Basophils
, UTA Pathophysiology Exam 2- NURS 3366
blood granulocytes with structural and functional similarities to mast cells of the
connective tissue
7. first line of de- physical/mechanical and biochemical barriers
fense
-part of innate resistance
-includes skin and its glands, and membraces/glands of body openings
-responds immediate and non-specific
if stressor breaches the first line, 2nd and 3rd come into play
8. skin and its part of our first line of defense
glands defense
system -covering that protects us from heat, cold, environmental hazards
-the skin does desquamation (shredding of skin cells = bacteria sheds too)
-glands secrete sweat, which has antibacterial and antifungal properties
9. what are stres- lacerations, abrasions, punctures, etc.
sors that can
breach the skin
and its glands?
10. why does the shedding of skin cells = bacteria sheds too
desquamation of
skin help us?
11. why does sweat- sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
ing help our im-
mune system? -the chemical that sweat is made of can attack cell walls of certain bacteria
-it also helps make the skin acidic, which makes it inhospitable to most bacteria
12.
, UTA Pathophysiology Exam 2- NURS 3366
mem- part of the first line of defense
branes/glands of -tears: blinking causes lacrimal glands to spread tears over eyes & the tears drain
body openings into lacrimal ducts, washing the eye regularly
(EYE'S DEFENSE)
-eyelashes
13. what are stres- Dry Eye Syndrome- manufacturing of tears slows down, happens to some degree
sors that can to almost everyone as they age
breach the eye's
defense? Sjogren's Syndrome- autoimmune disease that dries up all lubricating fluids in
the body (mucus membranes can be dried)
14. mem- part of first line of defense
branes/glands of
body openings -viscosity of mucus (thick) in nose plus hair traps bacteria, same with wax and hair
(RESPIRATORY in the ears
SYSTEM
-cilia of cells in bronchi can sweep away foreign bodies
DEFENSES)
-cough reflex: if a foreign body is inhaled and reaches the carina (which is where
the right and left lung split), then cough reflex is stimulated
15. what are stres- cigarette smoking: changes bronchial cells, no more cilia (metaplasia)
sors that can
breach the res- cough reflex suppression such as in head injury or stroke
piratory system's
defenses?
16. mem- part of first line of defense
branes/glands of
body openings -saliva: contains protective enzymes
(GI SYSTEM
-stomach: HCL destroys most microbes
DEFENSES)
, UTA Pathophysiology Exam 2- NURS 3366
-gag reflex/vomiting: gets rid of injurious agents like harmful bacteria
-the bowels have many good flora, microbes that keep out malicious microbes by
competing for food
-defecation: gets rid of injurious agents like harmful bacteria
17. what are stres- -Sjogren's also, because it dries up salvia and that equals less protection in the
sors that can mouth
breach the GI
system defens- -anything that changes the bowel flora can leave us open to invading microbes
es? (ex. of what might change the bowel flora is antibiotics)
18. mem- part of first line of defense
branes/glands of -flow of urine washes away microbes (better in men usually, because they have a
body openings longer urethra)
(GENITOURI-
NARY/GU -vaginal secretions: slightly acidic which kills bacteria
SYSTEM
DEFENSES)
19. what are stres- -decreased urine flow, as in kidney stones or kidney failure
sors that can
breach the GU -anything that vaginal acidity, like harsh soaps or douching
system?
20. second line of NORMAL inflammatory process
defense (nor-
mal inflamma- -inflammation is a state of INNATE defense characterized by being immediate and
tion process) nonspecific AND
-expected manifestations such as a certain ("normal") degree of swelling, heat,
erythema (redness) and pain
