,CHAPTER 1 — CELLULAR FUNCTION m a ma ma m a
Question 1 — (energy production)
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Which organelle is the primary site of aerobic ATP production via oxidative phosph
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orylation?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ma ma
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
Correct answer: B. Mitochondrion Ration
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ale:
Mitochondria generate the majority of cellular ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
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(electron transport chain + chemiosmosis) in the presence of oxygen.
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A is incorrect —
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smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification,
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not major ATP production.
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C is incorrect — ribosomes synthesize proteins.
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D is incorrect —
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lysosomes digest macromolecules and damaged organelles but do not prod
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uce ATP. ma
Question 2 — Membrane transport
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A patient receives an IV drug that must enter cells against a concentration gradient.
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Which transport mechanism is most likely responsible?
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A. Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
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B. Facilitated diffusion through a channel protein
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C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)
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D. Osmosis
Correct answer: C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-
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ATPase) Rationale: ma
Movement against a concentration gradient requires energy input; primary active
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transport directly uses ATP (or an ATPase) to pump ions or molecules.
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A and B are passive (do not move substances uphill).
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, D (osmosis) is passive movement of water across a semipermeable
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membrane down its gradient. ma ma ma
Question 3 — Facilitated diffusion example
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Glucose entry into skeletal muscle during resting conditions (no insulin present) predominant
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ly occurs by:
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A. Simple diffusion through the membrane
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B. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT transporters (down its concentration gradient)
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C. Active transport by Na⁺/glucose cotransporter requiring ATP
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D. Endocytosis
Correct answer: B. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT transporters R
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ationale:
Glucose crosses membranes via GLUT transporters (carrier proteins) by facilitated d
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iffusion when no energy is required and transport follows the concentration gradien
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t.
A is incorrect — glucose is polar and cannot pass by simple diffusion.
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C (Na⁺/glucose cotransport) is used in some epithelia (e.g., intestinal/renal)
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and is secondary active, not the predominant mechanism in resting muscle.
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D is incorrect —
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endocytosis is not the routine mechanism for glucose uptake.
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Question 4 — Osmotic effects on red blood cells
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A patient’s red blood cells placed in a hypertonic IV solution will:
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A. Swell and potentially lyse (hemolysis)
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B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell
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C. Remain unchanged because RBC membranes are impermeable to water
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D. Gain sodium via active transport and maintain size
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Correct answer: B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell Ratio
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nale:
In a hypertonic environment, extracellular osmolarity is higher than intracellular;
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water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing cell shrinkage (crenation).
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, A is what happens in hypotonic solutions (water moves in).
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C is false — water crosses membranes rapidly (aquaporins).
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D is incorrect — acute sodium pumping cannot prevent osmotic water shifts.
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Question 5 — Cellular adaptation (definitions)
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Which term best describes an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac myocytes enlarging f
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rom chronic pressure overload)?
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A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct answer: C. Hypertrophy Rationale
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:
Hypertrophy = increase in cell size (often with increased functional capacity). For
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example, cardiac myocyte hypertrophy occurs with chronic increased workload.
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A (hyperplasia) = increase in cell number.
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B (atrophy) = decrease in cell size and/or number.
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D (metaplasia) = replacement of one adult cell type with another (adaptive
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change).
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Question 6 — Apoptosis vs necrosis
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Which statement correctly distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?
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A. Apoptosis is an inflammatory, uncontrolled cell death; necrosis is programmed
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and energy-dependent.
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B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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C. Apoptosis only occurs in response to infection; necrosis only occurs with
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ischemia.
D. Apoptosis always leads to tissue scarring; necrosis never does.
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Correct answer: B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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Question 1 — (energy production)
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Which organelle is the primary site of aerobic ATP production via oxidative phosph
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orylation?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ma ma
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
Correct answer: B. Mitochondrion Ration
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ale:
Mitochondria generate the majority of cellular ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
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(electron transport chain + chemiosmosis) in the presence of oxygen.
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A is incorrect —
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smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification,
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not major ATP production.
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C is incorrect — ribosomes synthesize proteins.
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D is incorrect —
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lysosomes digest macromolecules and damaged organelles but do not prod
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uce ATP. ma
Question 2 — Membrane transport
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A patient receives an IV drug that must enter cells against a concentration gradient.
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Which transport mechanism is most likely responsible?
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A. Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
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B. Facilitated diffusion through a channel protein
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C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)
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D. Osmosis
Correct answer: C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-
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ATPase) Rationale: ma
Movement against a concentration gradient requires energy input; primary active
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transport directly uses ATP (or an ATPase) to pump ions or molecules.
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A and B are passive (do not move substances uphill).
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, D (osmosis) is passive movement of water across a semipermeable
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membrane down its gradient. ma ma ma
Question 3 — Facilitated diffusion example
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Glucose entry into skeletal muscle during resting conditions (no insulin present) predominant
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ly occurs by:
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A. Simple diffusion through the membrane
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B. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT transporters (down its concentration gradient)
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C. Active transport by Na⁺/glucose cotransporter requiring ATP
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a ma
D. Endocytosis
Correct answer: B. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT transporters R
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ationale:
Glucose crosses membranes via GLUT transporters (carrier proteins) by facilitated d
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iffusion when no energy is required and transport follows the concentration gradien
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t.
A is incorrect — glucose is polar and cannot pass by simple diffusion.
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C (Na⁺/glucose cotransport) is used in some epithelia (e.g., intestinal/renal)
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and is secondary active, not the predominant mechanism in resting muscle.
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D is incorrect —
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endocytosis is not the routine mechanism for glucose uptake.
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Question 4 — Osmotic effects on red blood cells
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A patient’s red blood cells placed in a hypertonic IV solution will:
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A. Swell and potentially lyse (hemolysis)
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B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell
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C. Remain unchanged because RBC membranes are impermeable to water
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D. Gain sodium via active transport and maintain size
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Correct answer: B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell Ratio
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nale:
In a hypertonic environment, extracellular osmolarity is higher than intracellular;
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water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing cell shrinkage (crenation).
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, A is what happens in hypotonic solutions (water moves in).
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C is false — water crosses membranes rapidly (aquaporins).
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D is incorrect — acute sodium pumping cannot prevent osmotic water shifts.
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
Question 5 — Cellular adaptation (definitions)
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a
Which term best describes an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac myocytes enlarging f
ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma ma
rom chronic pressure overload)?
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A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct answer: C. Hypertrophy Rationale
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:
Hypertrophy = increase in cell size (often with increased functional capacity). For
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example, cardiac myocyte hypertrophy occurs with chronic increased workload.
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A (hyperplasia) = increase in cell number.
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B (atrophy) = decrease in cell size and/or number.
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D (metaplasia) = replacement of one adult cell type with another (adaptive
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change).
a
Question 6 — Apoptosis vs necrosis
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Which statement correctly distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?
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A. Apoptosis is an inflammatory, uncontrolled cell death; necrosis is programmed
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and energy-dependent.
ma
B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
ma ma ma ma ma m a
inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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C. Apoptosis only occurs in response to infection; necrosis only occurs with
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ischemia.
D. Apoptosis always leads to tissue scarring; necrosis never does.
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Correct answer: B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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