jersey college patho final 2025 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Low hemoglobin/hematocrit due to insufficient iron for
hemoglobin synthesis.
Causes of Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Chronic blood loss (menstruation, GI bleed),
insufficient dietary iron, malabsorption (e.g., celiac), increased demand (pregnancy).
Type of disease for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Nutritional/hematologic anemia (microcytic,
hypochromic).
Organ/system affected by Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood; hematopoietic system (bone
marrow), circulatory system.
Anatomy & physiology affected by Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Red blood cell (RBC)
production in bone marrow; heme synthesis requires iron for oxygen transport.
Scientific name for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Iron-deficiency anemia.
Layman's name for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Anemia from low iron.
Pathophysiology of Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Low iron → reduced hemoglobin synthesis
→ small (microcytic), pale (hypochromic) RBCs → decreased oxygen-carrying capacity → tissue hypoxia.
Etiology of Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Dietary lack, chronic losses, malabsorption,
increased requirements.
Signs & symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Fatigue, pallor, tachycardia, shortness of
breath on exertion, pica, brittle nails, glossitis.
Diagnostic tests for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - CBC (low Hgb/Hct, low MCV), low ferritin,
low serum iron, high TIBC, peripheral smear (microcytic hypochromic RBCs), reticulocyte count.
Risk factors for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Women of reproductive age, infants/children,
pregnant women, chronic GI bleeders, vegetarians without supplementation.
Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia caused by autoimmune loss of
intrinsic factor (IF), leading to impaired B12 absorption.
Causes of Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells or intrinsic
factor; gastric surgery; malabsorption.
Type of disease for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Autoimmune, megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic).
Organ/system affected by Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Hematopoietic system; gastrointestinal
(stomach); nervous system (myelin).
Anatomy & physiology affected by Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Parietal cells in stomach produce
intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption in terminal ileum; B12 required for DNA synthesis and myelin maintenance.
Scientific name for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Pernicious anemia (additionally: autoimmune
atrophic gastritis causing B12 deficiency).
Layman's name for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - B12-deficiency anemia from lack of stomach
factor.
,Pathophysiology of Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Loss of IF → B12 deficiency → impaired DNA
synthesis → megaloblastic RBCs, ineffective erythropoiesis → neurologic demyelination (posterior columns) if
untreated.
Etiology of Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Autoimmune gastritis, gastrectomy, chronic gastritis, ileal
disease (less common).
Signs & symptoms of Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Fatigue, pallor, glossitis, paresthesias, ataxia,
decreased vibration/position sense, neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Diagnostic tests for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - CBC (macrocytic anemia), low serum B12,
elevated methylmalonic acid & homocysteine, anti-intrinsic factor/parietal cell antibodies, peripheral smear (macro-
ovalocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils).
Risk factors for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Older adults, autoimmune disease, prior gastric
surgery.
Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Failure of bone marrow to produce sufficient blood cells
(pancytopenia).
Causes of Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Idiopathic (often), drugs (chloramphenicol, chemotherapy),
radiation, viral infections (hepatitis, EBV), toxins (benzene), autoimmune attack.
Type of disease for Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Bone marrow failure; hematologic.
Organ/system affected by Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Bone marrow (hematopoietic),
circulatory/immune systems.
Anatomy & physiology affected by Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Hematopoietic stem cells in marrow
depleted → decreased RBCs, WBCs, platelets → anemia, infections, bleeding.
Scientific name for Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Aplastic anemia / bone marrow aplasia/hypoplasia.
Layman's name for Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Bone marrow failure.
Pathophysiology of Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Damage to hematopoietic stem cells or marrow
microenvironment → pancytopenia; marrow is hypocellular with fatty infiltration.
Etiology of Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Drugs/toxins, infections, autoimmune, inherited (rare).
Signs & symptoms of Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Fatigue, pallor (anemia), recurrent infections
(neutropenia), bleeding/petechiae (thrombocytopenia).
Diagnostic tests for Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - CBC (pancytopenia), bone marrow biopsy
(hypocellular marrow with fatty replacement), reticulocyte count low.
Sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Inherited hemoglobinopathy causing production of abnormal
hemoglobin S → RBC sickling.
Causes of sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Point mutation in β-globin gene (glutamic acid → valine)
— autosomal recessive.
Type of disease for sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic hemoglobinopathy; hemolytic anemia.
Organ/system affected by sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood, spleen, vascular system, multiple
organs (kidney, lungs, brain).
Anatomy & physiology affected by sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - RBC deformation under hypoxia
→ vaso-occlusion, hemolysis; splenic sequestration/functional asplenia.
,Scientific name for sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Sickle cell disease (homozygous HbSS is classic
sickle cell anemia).
Layman's name for sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Sickle cell disease / sickle cell anemia.
Pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - HbS polymerizes under deoxygenation → RBCs
sickle → stiff cells cause microvascular occlusion, ischemia, pain crises, chronic hemolysis, extravascular hemolysis →
anemia.
Etiology of sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic mutation (autosomal recessive).
Signs & symptoms of sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Pain crises (bone, chest), anemia, jaundice,
splenomegaly early then autosplenectomy, increased infection risk (encapsulated organisms), acute chest syndrome,
stroke risk.
Diagnostic tests for sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Newborn screening, hemoglobin electrophoresis
(shows HbS), peripheral smear (sickle cells), elevated reticulocyte count.
Risk factors / who affected by sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - People of African, Mediterranean,
Middle Eastern, South Asian ancestry; carriers (trait) protected against malaria.
Thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Inherited disorders causing reduced synthesis of α- or β-globin chains →
microcytic anemia.
Causes of thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Mutations/deletions in globin genes (α- or β-).
Type of disease for thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic hemoglobinopathy; microcytic anemia.
Organ/system affected by thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood, bone marrow (erythropoiesis), spleen.
Anatomy & physiology affected by thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Imbalanced globin chain production →
ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, marrow expansion (bone deformities).
Scientific name for thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - α-thalassemia, β-thalassemia (trait/minor, intermedia,
major/Cooley anemia).
Layman's name for thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic anemia from abnormal hemoglobin production.
Pathophysiology of thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Deficient chain → unstable hemoglobin → RBC
destruction; in severe cases transfusion dependence and iron overload.
Etiology of thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Inherited mutations (autosomal recessive or codominant patterns
depending on type).
Signs & symptoms of thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Mild: fatigue, microcytic anemia. Severe (β-
thalassemia major): severe anemia, growth delay, bone deformities, hepatosplenomegaly.
Diagnostic tests for thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - CBC (microcytic, variable RBC count), hemoglobin
electrophoresis (↑ HbA2, HbF in β-thalassemia), genetic testing.
Risk factors / who affected by thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, South Asian,
African descent; family history.
Hemophilia A (classic) - CORRECT ANSWER - Deficiency of clotting factor VIII → impaired intrinsic
coagulation.
Causes of Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - X-linked recessive mutation in F8 gene.
, Type of disease for Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Coagulopathy (inherited bleeding disorder).
Organ/system affected by Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Hemostatic system (blood clotting), joints/soft
tissues (sites of bleeding).
Anatomy & physiology affected by Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Intrinsic cascade (factor VIII role
with factor IX to activate X); platelet plug formation intact but secondary hemostasis impaired.
Scientific name for Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency).
Layman's name for Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Classic hemophilia.
Pathophysiology of Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Low/absent factor VIII → prolonged bleeding into
joints/muscles; prolonged PTT.
Etiology of Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - X-linked mutation; can be spontaneous.
Signs & symptoms of Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Easy bruising, hemarthroses, prolonged bleeding
after trauma/surgery.
Diagnostic tests for Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Prolonged aPTT, normal PT, low factor VIII activity,
bleeding history.
Risk factors / who affected by Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Males (X-linked), family history.
von Willebrand disease (vWD) - CORRECT ANSWER - Deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor
(vWF) — affects platelet adhesion and factor VIII stability.
Causes of von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic (most common, AD) or acquired.
Type of disease for von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - Common inherited bleeding disorder.
Organ/system affected by von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - Hemostatic system (platelet function,
coagulation).
Anatomy & physiology affected by von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - vWF mediates platelet
adhesion to subendothelium and carries factor VIII.
von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - A condition characterized by a defect in platelet adhesion due to
low levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF).
vWD - CORRECT ANSWER - Layman's name for von Willebrand disease, which is a platelet adhesion defect.
Low vWF - CORRECT ANSWER - Results in mucocutaneous bleeding such as epistaxis and menorrhagia, and
prolonged bleeding time.
Inherited conditions - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic disorders passed down through families that can lead to
conditions like von Willebrand disease.
Acquired conditions - CORRECT ANSWER - Conditions that develop due to external factors rather than genetics,
which can also affect hemostasis.
Signs & symptoms of vWD - CORRECT ANSWER - Nosebleeds, easy bruising, heavy menstrual bleeding, and
prolonged bleeding with procedures.
Diagnostic tests for vWD - CORRECT ANSWER - Include low vWF antigen/activity, prolonged bleeding time,
and possibly prolonged aPTT.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Low hemoglobin/hematocrit due to insufficient iron for
hemoglobin synthesis.
Causes of Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Chronic blood loss (menstruation, GI bleed),
insufficient dietary iron, malabsorption (e.g., celiac), increased demand (pregnancy).
Type of disease for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Nutritional/hematologic anemia (microcytic,
hypochromic).
Organ/system affected by Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood; hematopoietic system (bone
marrow), circulatory system.
Anatomy & physiology affected by Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Red blood cell (RBC)
production in bone marrow; heme synthesis requires iron for oxygen transport.
Scientific name for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Iron-deficiency anemia.
Layman's name for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Anemia from low iron.
Pathophysiology of Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Low iron → reduced hemoglobin synthesis
→ small (microcytic), pale (hypochromic) RBCs → decreased oxygen-carrying capacity → tissue hypoxia.
Etiology of Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Dietary lack, chronic losses, malabsorption,
increased requirements.
Signs & symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Fatigue, pallor, tachycardia, shortness of
breath on exertion, pica, brittle nails, glossitis.
Diagnostic tests for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - CBC (low Hgb/Hct, low MCV), low ferritin,
low serum iron, high TIBC, peripheral smear (microcytic hypochromic RBCs), reticulocyte count.
Risk factors for Iron deficiency anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Women of reproductive age, infants/children,
pregnant women, chronic GI bleeders, vegetarians without supplementation.
Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia caused by autoimmune loss of
intrinsic factor (IF), leading to impaired B12 absorption.
Causes of Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells or intrinsic
factor; gastric surgery; malabsorption.
Type of disease for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Autoimmune, megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic).
Organ/system affected by Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Hematopoietic system; gastrointestinal
(stomach); nervous system (myelin).
Anatomy & physiology affected by Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Parietal cells in stomach produce
intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption in terminal ileum; B12 required for DNA synthesis and myelin maintenance.
Scientific name for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Pernicious anemia (additionally: autoimmune
atrophic gastritis causing B12 deficiency).
Layman's name for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - B12-deficiency anemia from lack of stomach
factor.
,Pathophysiology of Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Loss of IF → B12 deficiency → impaired DNA
synthesis → megaloblastic RBCs, ineffective erythropoiesis → neurologic demyelination (posterior columns) if
untreated.
Etiology of Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Autoimmune gastritis, gastrectomy, chronic gastritis, ileal
disease (less common).
Signs & symptoms of Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Fatigue, pallor, glossitis, paresthesias, ataxia,
decreased vibration/position sense, neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Diagnostic tests for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - CBC (macrocytic anemia), low serum B12,
elevated methylmalonic acid & homocysteine, anti-intrinsic factor/parietal cell antibodies, peripheral smear (macro-
ovalocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils).
Risk factors for Pernicious anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Older adults, autoimmune disease, prior gastric
surgery.
Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Failure of bone marrow to produce sufficient blood cells
(pancytopenia).
Causes of Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Idiopathic (often), drugs (chloramphenicol, chemotherapy),
radiation, viral infections (hepatitis, EBV), toxins (benzene), autoimmune attack.
Type of disease for Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Bone marrow failure; hematologic.
Organ/system affected by Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Bone marrow (hematopoietic),
circulatory/immune systems.
Anatomy & physiology affected by Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Hematopoietic stem cells in marrow
depleted → decreased RBCs, WBCs, platelets → anemia, infections, bleeding.
Scientific name for Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Aplastic anemia / bone marrow aplasia/hypoplasia.
Layman's name for Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Bone marrow failure.
Pathophysiology of Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Damage to hematopoietic stem cells or marrow
microenvironment → pancytopenia; marrow is hypocellular with fatty infiltration.
Etiology of Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Drugs/toxins, infections, autoimmune, inherited (rare).
Signs & symptoms of Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Fatigue, pallor (anemia), recurrent infections
(neutropenia), bleeding/petechiae (thrombocytopenia).
Diagnostic tests for Aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - CBC (pancytopenia), bone marrow biopsy
(hypocellular marrow with fatty replacement), reticulocyte count low.
Sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Inherited hemoglobinopathy causing production of abnormal
hemoglobin S → RBC sickling.
Causes of sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Point mutation in β-globin gene (glutamic acid → valine)
— autosomal recessive.
Type of disease for sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic hemoglobinopathy; hemolytic anemia.
Organ/system affected by sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood, spleen, vascular system, multiple
organs (kidney, lungs, brain).
Anatomy & physiology affected by sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - RBC deformation under hypoxia
→ vaso-occlusion, hemolysis; splenic sequestration/functional asplenia.
,Scientific name for sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Sickle cell disease (homozygous HbSS is classic
sickle cell anemia).
Layman's name for sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Sickle cell disease / sickle cell anemia.
Pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - HbS polymerizes under deoxygenation → RBCs
sickle → stiff cells cause microvascular occlusion, ischemia, pain crises, chronic hemolysis, extravascular hemolysis →
anemia.
Etiology of sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic mutation (autosomal recessive).
Signs & symptoms of sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Pain crises (bone, chest), anemia, jaundice,
splenomegaly early then autosplenectomy, increased infection risk (encapsulated organisms), acute chest syndrome,
stroke risk.
Diagnostic tests for sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Newborn screening, hemoglobin electrophoresis
(shows HbS), peripheral smear (sickle cells), elevated reticulocyte count.
Risk factors / who affected by sickle cell anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - People of African, Mediterranean,
Middle Eastern, South Asian ancestry; carriers (trait) protected against malaria.
Thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Inherited disorders causing reduced synthesis of α- or β-globin chains →
microcytic anemia.
Causes of thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Mutations/deletions in globin genes (α- or β-).
Type of disease for thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic hemoglobinopathy; microcytic anemia.
Organ/system affected by thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood, bone marrow (erythropoiesis), spleen.
Anatomy & physiology affected by thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Imbalanced globin chain production →
ineffective erythropoiesis, hemolysis, marrow expansion (bone deformities).
Scientific name for thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - α-thalassemia, β-thalassemia (trait/minor, intermedia,
major/Cooley anemia).
Layman's name for thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic anemia from abnormal hemoglobin production.
Pathophysiology of thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Deficient chain → unstable hemoglobin → RBC
destruction; in severe cases transfusion dependence and iron overload.
Etiology of thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Inherited mutations (autosomal recessive or codominant patterns
depending on type).
Signs & symptoms of thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Mild: fatigue, microcytic anemia. Severe (β-
thalassemia major): severe anemia, growth delay, bone deformities, hepatosplenomegaly.
Diagnostic tests for thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - CBC (microcytic, variable RBC count), hemoglobin
electrophoresis (↑ HbA2, HbF in β-thalassemia), genetic testing.
Risk factors / who affected by thalassemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, South Asian,
African descent; family history.
Hemophilia A (classic) - CORRECT ANSWER - Deficiency of clotting factor VIII → impaired intrinsic
coagulation.
Causes of Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - X-linked recessive mutation in F8 gene.
, Type of disease for Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Coagulopathy (inherited bleeding disorder).
Organ/system affected by Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Hemostatic system (blood clotting), joints/soft
tissues (sites of bleeding).
Anatomy & physiology affected by Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Intrinsic cascade (factor VIII role
with factor IX to activate X); platelet plug formation intact but secondary hemostasis impaired.
Scientific name for Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency).
Layman's name for Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Classic hemophilia.
Pathophysiology of Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Low/absent factor VIII → prolonged bleeding into
joints/muscles; prolonged PTT.
Etiology of Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - X-linked mutation; can be spontaneous.
Signs & symptoms of Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Easy bruising, hemarthroses, prolonged bleeding
after trauma/surgery.
Diagnostic tests for Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Prolonged aPTT, normal PT, low factor VIII activity,
bleeding history.
Risk factors / who affected by Hemophilia A - CORRECT ANSWER - Males (X-linked), family history.
von Willebrand disease (vWD) - CORRECT ANSWER - Deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor
(vWF) — affects platelet adhesion and factor VIII stability.
Causes of von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic (most common, AD) or acquired.
Type of disease for von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - Common inherited bleeding disorder.
Organ/system affected by von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - Hemostatic system (platelet function,
coagulation).
Anatomy & physiology affected by von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - vWF mediates platelet
adhesion to subendothelium and carries factor VIII.
von Willebrand disease - CORRECT ANSWER - A condition characterized by a defect in platelet adhesion due to
low levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF).
vWD - CORRECT ANSWER - Layman's name for von Willebrand disease, which is a platelet adhesion defect.
Low vWF - CORRECT ANSWER - Results in mucocutaneous bleeding such as epistaxis and menorrhagia, and
prolonged bleeding time.
Inherited conditions - CORRECT ANSWER - Genetic disorders passed down through families that can lead to
conditions like von Willebrand disease.
Acquired conditions - CORRECT ANSWER - Conditions that develop due to external factors rather than genetics,
which can also affect hemostasis.
Signs & symptoms of vWD - CORRECT ANSWER - Nosebleeds, easy bruising, heavy menstrual bleeding, and
prolonged bleeding with procedures.
Diagnostic tests for vWD - CORRECT ANSWER - Include low vWF antigen/activity, prolonged bleeding time,
and possibly prolonged aPTT.
