Pathopharmacological
Foundations 2026 Exam
Questions and Correct
Answers | New Update
What are some physical changes from Alzheimer's dementia? -
ANSWER ✔✔- Brain shrinks dramatically; nerve cell death and tissue
loss
- Cardinal signs: plaques (abnormal clusters of protein fragments) and
tangles (twisted strands of another protein)
,How is Alzheimer's treated? - ANSWER ✔✔- There is no cure, but
there are pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments
- Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Memantine (namenda)
What are cholinesterase inhibitors prescribed for? - ANSWER ✔✔- To
treat symptoms related to memory, thinking, language, judgment, and
other processes
- Helps delay or slow the worsening of symptoms
What does cholinesterase inhibitors do? - ANSWER ✔✔- Prevent the
breakdown of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that is important for
learning and memory
- Supports communication among nerve cells by keeping the
acetylcholine high
What are some commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors? -
ANSWER ✔✔- Donepezil (aricept)
- Galantamine (razadyne)
- Rivastigmine (exeleon)
,Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for all stages of Alzheimer's?
- ANSWER ✔✔- Donepezil (aricept)
Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild-to-moderate stages
of Alzheimer's? - ANSWER ✔✔- Galantamine (razadyne)
- Rivastigmine (exeleon)
Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild-to-moderate
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's? - ANSWER ✔✔- Rivastigmine
(exeleon)
What medication combination is used to treat moderate-to-severe
Alzheimer's? - ANSWER ✔✔- Memantine (namenda) and donepezil
(aricept)
What is memantine (namenda) used for? - ANSWER ✔✔- Prescribed
to improve memory, attention, reason, language, and the ability to
perform simple tasks
- Can be used alone or with other Alzheimer's disease treatments
How does memantine (namenda) work? - ANSWER ✔✔- Regulates
the activity of glutamate, a chemical involved in information processing,
storage, and retrieval
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, - Improves mental functioning and ability to perform daily activities for
some people
What is the difference in MOA between cholinesterase inhibitors and
memantine (namenda)? - ANSWER ✔✔- Cholinesterase inhibitors
prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, whereas memantine (namenda)
regulates the activity of glutamate
What is ataxia? - ANSWER ✔✔- Also known as cerebellum attacks
- Degenerative disease of the nervous system
- Many symptoms mimic those of being drunk (i.e. slurred speech,
stumbling, falling, and incoordination)
What causes the symptoms of ataxia? - ANSWER ✔✔- The damage
caused to the cerebellum, the part of the brain that is responsible for
coordinating movements
- Can also be caused by damage to part of the spinal cord and nerves
What is the treatment for ataxia? - ANSWER ✔✔- No treatment
- In some cases, treating the underlying causes (i.e. stopping
medications that cause ataxia)
- In other cases, it is a result from chicken pox or other viral infections
(likely to resolve on its own)