MSN570 EXAMINATION 2026 VERIFIED
SOLUTION COMPENDIUM
◉Electrolytes. Answer: Help maintain the body's fluid balance.
Minerals with electrical charges found in the blood, urine, and other
body fluids. They include sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus.
◉Hydrostatic pressure. Answer: created by water, pushes water
away
◉Hypercalcemia. Answer: Excessive calcium in the blood.
Symptoms: 50% asymptomatic -> renal (polyuria, thirst, stones,
nephrocalcinosis/deposition of calcium crystals in kidney, may lead
to renal failure), musculoskeletal (muscle weakness, rarely
demineralization and subperiosteal bone resorption with bone cysts
-> osteitis fibrosa cystica), neurological (psychiatric/neurological
symptoms -> anxiety/depression/confusion/drowsiness),
gastrointestinal (anorexia, constipation and ulcers
◉hypercalcemia causes. Answer: Hyperparathyroidism
Malignant bone disease
Prolonged immobilization
,Excess calcium supplementation
◉Hypernatremia. Answer: High serum sodium levels (greater than
145 mEq/L). The excessive sodium levels generally lead to high
serum osmolality (greater than 295 mOsm/kg) because of the
imbalance between sodium and water. Symptoms: Increased temp,
weakness, disorientation, dilusions, hypotension, tachycardia. Give
hypotonic solution.
◉Hypocalcemia. Answer: deficient calcium in the blood; symptoms
include hypertension, peripheral/perioral paresthesia, abdominal
pain, cramps, lethargy, irritability in infants.
◉Lipoedema. Answer: type of edema caused by excess deposition of
fat cells in an irregular and disproportional manner and not fluid
shifts. The fat deposition is usually in the legs, thighs, and buttocks
but can go to the arms. The legs will look like block columns.
Lipoedema occurs mostly in women and rarely in men. It can occur
with or without obesity. Eventually, lipoedema can cause venous and
lymphatic problems.
◉Lymphedema. Answer: type of edema that occurs when there is a
blockage in lymphatic channels (e.g., tumor) or removal of lymph
nodes (e.g., breast cancer).; swelling of the tissues due to an
abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
, ◉Myxedema. Answer: A type of edema not related to fluid
shifts;refers to a thick nonpitting edema caused by deposits of
mucopolysaccharides in the skin; caused by extreme deficiency of
thyroid secretion; also known as adult hypothyroidism
◉Normal Serum Values of the Major Electrolytes. Answer:
Electrolyte Normal range
Sodium (Na+) 135-145 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl−) 98-108 mEq/L
Potassium (K+) 3.5-5 mEq/L
Calcium (Ca++) 8.8-10.3 mg/dL
Phosphorus (P) 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium (Mg++) 1.8-2.4 mEq/L
Bicarbonate (HCO3−) 24-31 mEq/L
SOLUTION COMPENDIUM
◉Electrolytes. Answer: Help maintain the body's fluid balance.
Minerals with electrical charges found in the blood, urine, and other
body fluids. They include sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus.
◉Hydrostatic pressure. Answer: created by water, pushes water
away
◉Hypercalcemia. Answer: Excessive calcium in the blood.
Symptoms: 50% asymptomatic -> renal (polyuria, thirst, stones,
nephrocalcinosis/deposition of calcium crystals in kidney, may lead
to renal failure), musculoskeletal (muscle weakness, rarely
demineralization and subperiosteal bone resorption with bone cysts
-> osteitis fibrosa cystica), neurological (psychiatric/neurological
symptoms -> anxiety/depression/confusion/drowsiness),
gastrointestinal (anorexia, constipation and ulcers
◉hypercalcemia causes. Answer: Hyperparathyroidism
Malignant bone disease
Prolonged immobilization
,Excess calcium supplementation
◉Hypernatremia. Answer: High serum sodium levels (greater than
145 mEq/L). The excessive sodium levels generally lead to high
serum osmolality (greater than 295 mOsm/kg) because of the
imbalance between sodium and water. Symptoms: Increased temp,
weakness, disorientation, dilusions, hypotension, tachycardia. Give
hypotonic solution.
◉Hypocalcemia. Answer: deficient calcium in the blood; symptoms
include hypertension, peripheral/perioral paresthesia, abdominal
pain, cramps, lethargy, irritability in infants.
◉Lipoedema. Answer: type of edema caused by excess deposition of
fat cells in an irregular and disproportional manner and not fluid
shifts. The fat deposition is usually in the legs, thighs, and buttocks
but can go to the arms. The legs will look like block columns.
Lipoedema occurs mostly in women and rarely in men. It can occur
with or without obesity. Eventually, lipoedema can cause venous and
lymphatic problems.
◉Lymphedema. Answer: type of edema that occurs when there is a
blockage in lymphatic channels (e.g., tumor) or removal of lymph
nodes (e.g., breast cancer).; swelling of the tissues due to an
abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
, ◉Myxedema. Answer: A type of edema not related to fluid
shifts;refers to a thick nonpitting edema caused by deposits of
mucopolysaccharides in the skin; caused by extreme deficiency of
thyroid secretion; also known as adult hypothyroidism
◉Normal Serum Values of the Major Electrolytes. Answer:
Electrolyte Normal range
Sodium (Na+) 135-145 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl−) 98-108 mEq/L
Potassium (K+) 3.5-5 mEq/L
Calcium (Ca++) 8.8-10.3 mg/dL
Phosphorus (P) 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium (Mg++) 1.8-2.4 mEq/L
Bicarbonate (HCO3−) 24-31 mEq/L
