MSN 621 FINAL EXAM 3 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
GRADED A PLUS GRADUATE NURSING THEORY
PRACTICE PACKAGE
◉ Ligand-gated ion channel.
Answer: A receptor and a channel
Ligand: a NT, drug, or hormone that binds to a receptor
Can immediately alter the flow of ions when ligand binds
-Ligands can fall anywhere along the agonist spectrum to alter ion
flow
◉ Ligand.
Answer: Ligand: a NT, drug, or hormone that binds to a receptor
◉ Ligand-gated ion channel subtypes.
Answer: Pentameric (5 protein subunits): GABA-A, Nicotinic
receptors, Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors, 5HT3 receptors
,Tetrameric (4 protein subunits): AMPA, Kainate, NMDA
◉ Voltage-sensitive ion channel.
Answer: Opening and closing altered by ionic charge or voltage
potential
Two types: Sodium and Calcium
◉ Sodium-charged ion channel.
Answer: Essential for action potentials
Made of 4 subunits forming a central alpha pore; each subunit is
made of 6 transmembrane segments:
-Segment 4= voltmeter
-Segment 5-6= ionic filter (only allows Na through)
-Between 3rd and 4th subunits= amino acid plug/pore inactivator
Site of action of many anticonvulsants
◉ Presynaptic transporter.
Answer: Collects NTs from the synapse and transports them back
into the neuron for packaging and release
, Monoamine: SERT, DAT, NET
GABA: GAT
Glutamate: EAAT
◉ Norepinephrine role.
Answer: helps control alertness and arousal, stress response,
cognitive functioning, attention/focus
Linked to fight or flight
◉ Acetylcholine role.
Answer: Motivation, memory, cognitive functioning, sleep
◉ Melatonin role.
Answer: Sleep
Released from the pineal gland (increased in darkness)
◉ Serotonin role.
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
GRADED A PLUS GRADUATE NURSING THEORY
PRACTICE PACKAGE
◉ Ligand-gated ion channel.
Answer: A receptor and a channel
Ligand: a NT, drug, or hormone that binds to a receptor
Can immediately alter the flow of ions when ligand binds
-Ligands can fall anywhere along the agonist spectrum to alter ion
flow
◉ Ligand.
Answer: Ligand: a NT, drug, or hormone that binds to a receptor
◉ Ligand-gated ion channel subtypes.
Answer: Pentameric (5 protein subunits): GABA-A, Nicotinic
receptors, Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors, 5HT3 receptors
,Tetrameric (4 protein subunits): AMPA, Kainate, NMDA
◉ Voltage-sensitive ion channel.
Answer: Opening and closing altered by ionic charge or voltage
potential
Two types: Sodium and Calcium
◉ Sodium-charged ion channel.
Answer: Essential for action potentials
Made of 4 subunits forming a central alpha pore; each subunit is
made of 6 transmembrane segments:
-Segment 4= voltmeter
-Segment 5-6= ionic filter (only allows Na through)
-Between 3rd and 4th subunits= amino acid plug/pore inactivator
Site of action of many anticonvulsants
◉ Presynaptic transporter.
Answer: Collects NTs from the synapse and transports them back
into the neuron for packaging and release
, Monoamine: SERT, DAT, NET
GABA: GAT
Glutamate: EAAT
◉ Norepinephrine role.
Answer: helps control alertness and arousal, stress response,
cognitive functioning, attention/focus
Linked to fight or flight
◉ Acetylcholine role.
Answer: Motivation, memory, cognitive functioning, sleep
◉ Melatonin role.
Answer: Sleep
Released from the pineal gland (increased in darkness)
◉ Serotonin role.
