NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 questions and answers update

NUR 2063 Essentials Pathophysiology Exam 2
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Questions & Answers 2026\2027 update v v v v




1. What is gastritis?
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Answer Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irrit
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ated


2. What are the causes of gastritis?
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Answer Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruse
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s and bacteria
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3. What is GERD? v v




Answer the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower esop
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hageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach
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acid that comes up.
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4. What are the causes ofGERD?
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Answer Anycondition or agent that alters closure ofthe lower esophageal sphincter o
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rincreases in abdominal pressure, fattyfood, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smok
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ing, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
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5. What are complications ofGERD?
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AnswerBarrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces normal squamous tiss
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ue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can
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,lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as co
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ugh, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
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6. What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?
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Answer epigastric burn- v v




v ing pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty
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stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and
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is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without war
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ning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
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7. What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease?
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Answer promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic ar
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eas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can h
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elp ulcers heal.
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8. What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff)
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Answer acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining ca
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nnot absorb well.
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9. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?
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Answer clostridium difficile, expo- v v v




sure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
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1 0. What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis?
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Answer foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, coloni
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c perfora- tion.
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,1 1 . How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis?
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Answer stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give or
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al antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if sev
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ere


1 2. How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis?
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Answer wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
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1 3. What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis?
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Answer Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain
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, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
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1 4. How do we assess for appendicitis?
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Answer McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip r
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egion and removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive appendiciti
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s




1 5. What are the causes of bowel obstructions?
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Answer previous surgery of the in-
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testines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities ofthe bowel, metastatic cancer of t
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he intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water an
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d electrolytes in the bowel.
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, 1 6. What is a functional bowel obstruction?
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Answer a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that
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inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow mot
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ility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation.
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17. What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?
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Answer due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the i
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ntestines, intussusception v




1 8. What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease?
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Answer hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, d
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ecreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockag
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e of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
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1 9. Explain what jaundice is?
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Answer green- v




v yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabol
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ize extra bilirubin
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20. Where can you find jaundice on assessment? v v v v v v




Answer eyes, skin, and mouth v v v v




21. Explain what ascites is? v v v




Answer pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of alb
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umin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of
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