Ethics
Human ethics are regulated by the BPS ethical Animal ethics are outlined in the Scientific Procedures
guidelines (2009), they include key guidelines to be Act (1983) and are regulated by the Home Office:
followed in research: - Reduce: The minimum number of animals should be
- Informed consent: People need to know the true aims used to still get credible results should be used,
of the study when they agree to the study, although Skinner only used 6 pigeons yet still found credible
this is not always possible to preserve validity ppts’ results, although what the minimum number of
need to be debriefed afterwards animals needed is subjective
- Protection from harm: Ppts’ need to not be harmed - Replace: If there are alternatives (using existing
physically or psychologically within research, research, tissue samples etc.) to help prevent there
Milgram’s study resulted in psychological and being harm to animals, however Richard Ryder argues
arguably physical harm (nail biting) coming to ppts’, it that animal research is always wrong
is also hard for researchers to gather how much harm - Caging: Animals need sufficient caging which
something may cause replicates their habitat to the best extent, if animals
- Debriefing: Ppts’ should be debriefed, especially if do not have sufficient caging, could lead to
they came to harm during the research, within this, extraneous variables affecting research, though not
they need to be told the true aims and results of the always possible as sometimes animals need to be
study, Milgram ensured that ppts’ were debriefed kept separate as variables in research
afterward, although even if they are debriefed there - Bateson’s Cube: Helps develop cost-benefit analysis
may be long-term harm e.g. being concerned about for use of animals in research, focuses on benefit from
the extent they would go to research, the level of animal suffering and the quality
- Right to withdraw: Ppts’ should be able to withdraw at of research, Pavlov’s study may not be able to be
any point before, during or after research without carried out today as it involved the dogs surgically
losing incentive, although some ppts’ may feel that having tubes inserted, however as research was
they have to stay in research after receiving incentive mostly on digestive system, the benefits arguably
outweighs any pain
, Practical issues in the design and implementation of
Practical issues are issues which can affect being research
able to When designing research, researchers need to aim for:
carry research out, they include: - Generalisability: A sample would ideally be
- Time: Carrying out research is resource intensive, so generalisable to the wider population to try and avoid
when carrying out research, researchers need to take the results only being specific to one population,
into account the time it may take, Brendgen’s study Sherif’s study lacks generalisability as it was all
with 234 children would taken a lot of time to 11/12-year-old boys used in his research
interview peers and teachers - Demand characteristics: Researchers want to try and
- Cost: Research is expensive, so researcher’s need to avoid demand characteristics where the ppts’ are
take into account how much their research will cost, showing behaviours as they believe they’ve
using PET scans or a shock machine can be incredibly discovered the aim, Milgram aimed to avoid this
expensive through including the learning and teaching task
- Access to ppts’: Some groups may be difficult to gain - Replicability: Ideally research would be replicable,
access to, Sebastian and Hernandez-Gil had to get they do this through tight controls and a standardised
575 school children which would have been difficult to procedure, Baddeley used both a standardised
gain access to procedure and tight controls
-Some
Access to buildings/locations:
practical issues specific to Buildings/locations
animal research are: are
- needed yet animals:
Purchasing they canBreeders
be difficult
of to access,
animals difficult
have to betoHome
access PET scansthis
Office approved, as Raine
makesdid, accessing
it harder to beprison as carry
able to
Dabbs didout
research
- Licensing: To carry out animal research, the researcher needs
to have a license to do so, this makes it harder to carry out
animal research, although the standard of research is arguably
higher as they have to have licence
- Time: Animals will need caring for on weekends etc. when
humans would not, hence they can be more resource intensive
Human ethics are regulated by the BPS ethical Animal ethics are outlined in the Scientific Procedures
guidelines (2009), they include key guidelines to be Act (1983) and are regulated by the Home Office:
followed in research: - Reduce: The minimum number of animals should be
- Informed consent: People need to know the true aims used to still get credible results should be used,
of the study when they agree to the study, although Skinner only used 6 pigeons yet still found credible
this is not always possible to preserve validity ppts’ results, although what the minimum number of
need to be debriefed afterwards animals needed is subjective
- Protection from harm: Ppts’ need to not be harmed - Replace: If there are alternatives (using existing
physically or psychologically within research, research, tissue samples etc.) to help prevent there
Milgram’s study resulted in psychological and being harm to animals, however Richard Ryder argues
arguably physical harm (nail biting) coming to ppts’, it that animal research is always wrong
is also hard for researchers to gather how much harm - Caging: Animals need sufficient caging which
something may cause replicates their habitat to the best extent, if animals
- Debriefing: Ppts’ should be debriefed, especially if do not have sufficient caging, could lead to
they came to harm during the research, within this, extraneous variables affecting research, though not
they need to be told the true aims and results of the always possible as sometimes animals need to be
study, Milgram ensured that ppts’ were debriefed kept separate as variables in research
afterward, although even if they are debriefed there - Bateson’s Cube: Helps develop cost-benefit analysis
may be long-term harm e.g. being concerned about for use of animals in research, focuses on benefit from
the extent they would go to research, the level of animal suffering and the quality
- Right to withdraw: Ppts’ should be able to withdraw at of research, Pavlov’s study may not be able to be
any point before, during or after research without carried out today as it involved the dogs surgically
losing incentive, although some ppts’ may feel that having tubes inserted, however as research was
they have to stay in research after receiving incentive mostly on digestive system, the benefits arguably
outweighs any pain
, Practical issues in the design and implementation of
Practical issues are issues which can affect being research
able to When designing research, researchers need to aim for:
carry research out, they include: - Generalisability: A sample would ideally be
- Time: Carrying out research is resource intensive, so generalisable to the wider population to try and avoid
when carrying out research, researchers need to take the results only being specific to one population,
into account the time it may take, Brendgen’s study Sherif’s study lacks generalisability as it was all
with 234 children would taken a lot of time to 11/12-year-old boys used in his research
interview peers and teachers - Demand characteristics: Researchers want to try and
- Cost: Research is expensive, so researcher’s need to avoid demand characteristics where the ppts’ are
take into account how much their research will cost, showing behaviours as they believe they’ve
using PET scans or a shock machine can be incredibly discovered the aim, Milgram aimed to avoid this
expensive through including the learning and teaching task
- Access to ppts’: Some groups may be difficult to gain - Replicability: Ideally research would be replicable,
access to, Sebastian and Hernandez-Gil had to get they do this through tight controls and a standardised
575 school children which would have been difficult to procedure, Baddeley used both a standardised
gain access to procedure and tight controls
-Some
Access to buildings/locations:
practical issues specific to Buildings/locations
animal research are: are
- needed yet animals:
Purchasing they canBreeders
be difficult
of to access,
animals difficult
have to betoHome
access PET scansthis
Office approved, as Raine
makesdid, accessing
it harder to beprison as carry
able to
Dabbs didout
research
- Licensing: To carry out animal research, the researcher needs
to have a license to do so, this makes it harder to carry out
animal research, although the standard of research is arguably
higher as they have to have licence
- Time: Animals will need caring for on weekends etc. when
humans would not, hence they can be more resource intensive
