MICROBIOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS A CLINICAL
APPROACH 2026 MOCK PAPER
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW NOTES ANALYTICAL
SUMMARY
◉ Major groups of microorganisms in order from largest to smallest.
Answer: Bacteria
Archaea
Protozoa
Fungi
Helminths
Viruses
Algae
◉ Microbes are easy to study because....
Answer: They reproduce rapidly
They can be grown in large populations in the lab
◉ Microbes are difficult to study because....
Answer: They can't be directly seen & have to be analyzed through
indirect means
,◉ Eu-kary.
Answer: True nucleus
◉ Pro-kary.
Answer: Pre nucleus
◉ Prokaryotes include....
Answer: Bacteria
Archaea
◉ Prokaryotes have been on the planet....
Answer: 3.5 billion years
◉ Eukaryotes have been on the planet....
Answer: 1.8 billion years
◉ Eukaryotes were precursors to....
Answer: Organisms that eventually formed multicellular animals
◉ Ubiquitous.
, Answer: Microbes are found everywhere! Earth's crust, polar ice
caps, oceans, bodies of plants & animals
◉ How microbes benefit humans (10).
Answer: Bacteria are primary decomposers (recycle nutrients)
Microbes produce various food products (alcohol, cheese)
Microbes are used to produce antibiotics (penicillin from Penicillium
notatum)
Bacteria synthesize chemicals our bodies cannot (E. coli in colon
produces vitamins B & K)
Biochemistry & metabolism
Microbial antagonism (natural flora)
Insect pest control (Bacillus thuringiensis produces endotoxins in
caterpillars, bollworms, & corn borers)
Bioremediaton (using microbes to clean pollutants/toxic wastes)
Recombinant DNA technology/Gene therapy/Genetic engineering
(bacteria can produce enzymes & proteins like insulin, HG, &
interferon)
Microbes form basis of food chain
◉ Bacteria.
Answer: Prokaryotic
Peptidoglycan cell wall
APPROACH 2026 MOCK PAPER
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW NOTES ANALYTICAL
SUMMARY
◉ Major groups of microorganisms in order from largest to smallest.
Answer: Bacteria
Archaea
Protozoa
Fungi
Helminths
Viruses
Algae
◉ Microbes are easy to study because....
Answer: They reproduce rapidly
They can be grown in large populations in the lab
◉ Microbes are difficult to study because....
Answer: They can't be directly seen & have to be analyzed through
indirect means
,◉ Eu-kary.
Answer: True nucleus
◉ Pro-kary.
Answer: Pre nucleus
◉ Prokaryotes include....
Answer: Bacteria
Archaea
◉ Prokaryotes have been on the planet....
Answer: 3.5 billion years
◉ Eukaryotes have been on the planet....
Answer: 1.8 billion years
◉ Eukaryotes were precursors to....
Answer: Organisms that eventually formed multicellular animals
◉ Ubiquitous.
, Answer: Microbes are found everywhere! Earth's crust, polar ice
caps, oceans, bodies of plants & animals
◉ How microbes benefit humans (10).
Answer: Bacteria are primary decomposers (recycle nutrients)
Microbes produce various food products (alcohol, cheese)
Microbes are used to produce antibiotics (penicillin from Penicillium
notatum)
Bacteria synthesize chemicals our bodies cannot (E. coli in colon
produces vitamins B & K)
Biochemistry & metabolism
Microbial antagonism (natural flora)
Insect pest control (Bacillus thuringiensis produces endotoxins in
caterpillars, bollworms, & corn borers)
Bioremediaton (using microbes to clean pollutants/toxic wastes)
Recombinant DNA technology/Gene therapy/Genetic engineering
(bacteria can produce enzymes & proteins like insulin, HG, &
interferon)
Microbes form basis of food chain
◉ Bacteria.
Answer: Prokaryotic
Peptidoglycan cell wall
