CHEM 232 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

CHEM 232 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 A _________ is a reactive intermediate with a single unpaired electron, formed by homolysis of a covalent bond - Answers radical A ____________ contains an atom that does not have an octet of electrons, making it reactive and unstable - Answers radical Radical processes involve _________ electrons, so half headed arrows are used to show the movement of electrons. ________________ arrow is used for each electron - Answers single one half-headed ____________ are classified as primary(1), secondary (2), or tertiary (3) by the number of R groups bonded to the carbon with the unpaired electrons. - Answers carbon radicals A _______________ is sp2 hybridized and trigonal planar, like sp2 hybridized carbocations. The _________________ contains the unpaired electron and extends above and below the trigonal planar carbon. - Answers carbon radical unhybridized p orbital Cleavage of the weaker bond forms the _____________ radical (a specific example of a general trend) - Answers more stable The stability of a radical _________ as the number of alkyl groups bonded to the radical carbon increases - Answers increases Radical reactions are different from other organic reactions in that radical processes involve the movement of ____________ electrons - Answers single Alkyl groups are more ________________ than the hydrogen atoms, so they can more easily donate electron density to the electron deficient carbon radical, thus ____________ stability - Answers polarizable increasing Radicals are formed from covalent bonds by adding energy in the form of ________ or ___________ - Answers heat (Δ) light (hv) Some radical reactions are carried out in the presence of a _____________________, a compound that contains an especially weak bond that serves as a source of radicals - Answers radical initiator Radicals undergo two main types of reactions: _______________________ and _________________, in both cases achieving an octet of electrons - Answers they react sigma bonds they add to pi bonds Occasionally, however, two radicals come into contact with each other, and they _____________________________________ - Answers react to form a sigma bond Compounds that prevent radical reactions from occurring are called _______________ or ________________ - Answers radical inhibitors radical scavengers A radical is characterized by ______________________ - Answers a single, unshared electron Radicals are formed by the process depicted in the image. This process is known as ______________ of a covalent bond - Answers bond In general, ____________ radicals are more stable than _____________ radicals, which are in turn more stable than _________ radicals - Answers tertiary secondary primary Alkyl groups can better donate electron density than hydrogen atoms (and thus better stabilize a radical) because they are ______________________ - Answers more polarizable (T/F) Reaction of a radical with either a sigma bond or a pi bond results in formation of a new radical. - Answers True Which of the following statements accurately describe radical initiators such as benzoyl peroxide? - Answers -radical initiators are a source of radicals for a given reaction -a radical initiator is a compound that contains an especially weak bond The radicals are formed by homolysis of covalent bonds. What is homolysis? - Answers symmetrical cleavage of a covalent bond to give each product an unpaired electron A compound that can aid a radical reaction by acting as a ready source of radicals is called a radical _____________ - Answers initiator Alkyl Halide - Answers organic molecules containing a halogen atom X bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom. alkyl halides are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) depending on the ________________ bonded to the carbon with the halogen. - Answers number of carbons Vinyl halides - Answers A molecule containing a halogen atom bonded to the sp2 hybridized carbon of a carbon-carbon double bond. aryl halides - Answers have a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring. Four types of organic halides (RX) having X near a π bond - Answers vinyl halides, aryl halides, allylic halides, benzylic halides Allylic halides have X bonded to the carbon atom ___________ to a carbon-carbon double bond, and benzylic halides - Answers adjacent An alkyl halide is named as an alkane with a halogen substituent—that is, as a ___________________ - Answers halo alkane Alkyl halides are weakly polar molecules. They exhibit _______________________________ interactions because of their polar C X bond, but because the rest of the molecule contains only C C and C H bonds they are incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. - Answers dipole-dipole The properties of alkyl halides dictate their _____________ - Answers reactivity. The electrostatic potential maps of four simple alkyl halides that the electronegative halogen X creates a polar C X bond, making the carbon atom electron deficient. The chemistry of alkyl halides is determined by ________________________________________ - Answers this polar C X bond. What kind of reactions do alkyl halides undergo? - Answers The characteristic reactions of alkyl halides are substitution and elimination. In a substitution reaction of an alkyl halide, the halogen X is replaced by ___________________________ :Nu−. The C X σ bond is broken and the C Nu σ bond is formed. - Answers an electron-rich nucleophile Alkyl halides undergo elimination reactions with _______________ - Answers Brønsted-Lowry bases. In an _________________ of an alkyl halide, the elements of HX are removed by a Brønsted-Lowry base :B. - Answers elimination reaction _____________ components are necessary in any substitution reaction. - Answers Three Because these substitution reactions involve electron-rich nucleophiles, they are called ________________________________________ - Answers nucleophilic substitution reactions Nucleophilic substitutions are______________________ - Answers Lewis acid-base reactions. The nucleophile donates its electron pair, the alkyl halide (Lewis acid) accepts it, and the C X bond is heterolytically cleaved. Curved arrow notation can be used to show the movement of electron pairs Negatively charged nucleophiles like -OH and -SH are used as ___________with Li+, Na+, or K+ counterions to balance charge. The identity of the cation is usually inconsequential, and therefore it is often omitted from the chemical equation. - Answers salts All atoms originally bonded to the nucleophile stay bonded to it after _____________ occurs - Answers substitution To draw any nucleophilic substitution product: - Answers -Find the sp3 hybridized carbon with the leaving group. -Identify the nucleophile, the species with a lone pair or π bond. -Substitute the nucleophile for the leaving group and assign charges (if necessary) to any atom that is involved in bond breaking or bond formation. The C-X bond of an alkyl halide is _____________ since the halogen (X) is _________________ electronegative than carbon. The carbon atom of the C-X bond is ___________ and as a result alkyl halides react readily with ___________ - Answers polar more electrophilic nucleophiles Select all statements that correctly describe substitution and elimination reactions of alkyl halides A. Elimination reactions lead to the formation of a new pi bond B. Alkyl halides undergo elimination reactions with Bronsted-Lowry bases C. In a substitution reaction the halogen X is replaced by a nucleophile D. The C-X sigma bond is broken and the C-Nu sigma bond is formed in an elimination reaction - Answers A,B,C Alkyl halides undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions. Select all components that are required for a nucleophilic substitution reaction to take place. A. A C=C double bonds B. An sp3 hybridized C bonded to the leaving group C. A leaving group D. A strong base E. A nucleophilic - Answers B, C, E Match each species with the role it plays in a nucleophilic substitution reaction 1. the nucleophile 2. the carbon atom at which substitution occurs 3. the Lewis base in the reaction is the 4. the Lewis acid in this reaction is the A. nucleophile B. carbon atom at which substitution occurs C. accepts an electron pair from the nucleophile D. donates an electron pair - Answers 1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B Select all statements that correctly describe nucleophiles that are used in substitution reactions A. Negatively charged nucleophiles are used as salts with Li+, Na+, or K+ counterions to balance charge B. For negatively charged nucleophiles, all atoms originally bound to the nucleophilic center stay bonded to it after substitution occurs C. When a neutral nucleophile is used, the initial substitution product is neutral - Answers A B In any nucleophilic substitution reaction, a _______________ attacks a _______ hybridized C atom and displaces a ______________ group - Answers nucleophile sp3 leaving