Biological molecules – A particular group of chemicals that a
found in living organisms.
1. Covalent bonding – 2 non-metals share electrons = the o
shells are filled = stable molecule is formed.
2. Ionic bonding – A non-metal and metal transfer electrons
because ions of opposite charges attract forming an ionic b
(electrostatic attraction).
3. Hydrogen bonding – Electrons are not evenly distributed
spend more time at 1 position. A molecule with uneven dist
of charge = polarised (polar molecule). The – region of 1 p
molecule + the + region of another molecule attract (weak
electrostatic bond). Each bond is weak but collectively stro
can form forces that alter physical properties of molecules
H2O
,Monomers – A molecule that can join other
molecules to form a polymer.
Polymer – Many monomers joined together.
Polymerisation – The reaction that joins monom
Condensation – When 2 molecules are joined
together it produces a molecule of H2O.
Hydrolysis – When 2 molecules are broken dow
using a molecule of H2O.
,Metabolism – All chemical processes that take
in living organisms.
Molar solution (m) – A solution that contains 1
of solute in each litre of solution.
Mole – The molecular mass (molecular weight)
expressed in grams.
• Avogadro number/constant = 6.022 x 10²³
, • Monomers = i.e., monosaccharides, amino ac
nucleotides
• Disaccharide = 2 monosaccharides
• Polysaccharide = 2 + monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides i.e., glucose, galactose,
fructose
• α-glucose/ß-glucose – OH group of C1 point
opposite directions
found in living organisms.
1. Covalent bonding – 2 non-metals share electrons = the o
shells are filled = stable molecule is formed.
2. Ionic bonding – A non-metal and metal transfer electrons
because ions of opposite charges attract forming an ionic b
(electrostatic attraction).
3. Hydrogen bonding – Electrons are not evenly distributed
spend more time at 1 position. A molecule with uneven dist
of charge = polarised (polar molecule). The – region of 1 p
molecule + the + region of another molecule attract (weak
electrostatic bond). Each bond is weak but collectively stro
can form forces that alter physical properties of molecules
H2O
,Monomers – A molecule that can join other
molecules to form a polymer.
Polymer – Many monomers joined together.
Polymerisation – The reaction that joins monom
Condensation – When 2 molecules are joined
together it produces a molecule of H2O.
Hydrolysis – When 2 molecules are broken dow
using a molecule of H2O.
,Metabolism – All chemical processes that take
in living organisms.
Molar solution (m) – A solution that contains 1
of solute in each litre of solution.
Mole – The molecular mass (molecular weight)
expressed in grams.
• Avogadro number/constant = 6.022 x 10²³
, • Monomers = i.e., monosaccharides, amino ac
nucleotides
• Disaccharide = 2 monosaccharides
• Polysaccharide = 2 + monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides i.e., glucose, galactose,
fructose
• α-glucose/ß-glucose – OH group of C1 point
opposite directions
