DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATION -
COMPLETE NOTES
1. DEFINITION
Direct Narration: " جب کہنے والے کے الفاظ جوں کے توںInverted Commas" میں لکھے جائیں۔
Example: Bilal said to me, "I have lost my pen."
Indirect Narration: جب کہنے والے کے الفاظ کا مفہوم اپنے الفاظ میں بیان کیا جائے۔Commas ختم
ہو جاتے ہیں۔
Example: Bilal told me that he had lost his pen.
2. IMPORTANT TERMS
Reporting Speech: Commas → کے باہر واال حصہBilal said to me
Reported Speech: Commas " → کے اندر واال حصہI have lost my pen"
3. RULES FOR CONVERSION - 5 STEPS
Step 1: Remove Inverted Commas "" and use "that"
Direct: He said, "I am busy."
Indirect: He said that he was busy.
Step 2: Change Reporting Verb "said to" → "told"
Direct: She said to me, "I am fine."
Indirect: She told me that she was fine.
Note: "said" → "said", "say to" → "tell"
Step 3: PRONOUN CHANGE - 123 Rule
1st Person I, We, My → Reporting Verb کےSubject کے مطابق
2nd Person You, Your → Reporting Verb کےObject کے مطابق
,3rd Person He, She, They → No change
Table:
Person. Nominative Possessive Objective
1st I, We My, Our Me, Us
2nd You Your You
3rd He, She, They His, Her, Their Him, Her, Them
Example: She said to him, "I will help you."
I = 1st Person → She = she
you = 2nd Person → him = him
Indirect: She told him that she would help him.
Step 4: TENSE CHANGE - Backshift Rule
Present → Past, Past → Past Perfect
Direct Indirect
Present Simple V1 Past Simple V2
Present Continuous is/am/are + V-ing Past Continuous was/were + V-ing
Present Perfect has/have + V3. Past Perfect had + V3
Past Simple V2 Past Perfect had + V3
will/shall would/should
can could
may might
Example: He said, "I have written a letter."
→ He said that he had written a letter.
Exception: اگرReported Speech Universal Truth, Habit, یاHistorical Fact ہو توTense change نہیں
ہوگا۔
Direct: The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east."
, Indirect: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
Step 5: Change Words of Time & Place
Direct. Indirect
today that day
tomorrow . the next day
yesterday the previous day
now then
here there
this. that
these those
thus → so
ago → before
tonight → that night
last night → the previous night / the night before
4. TYPES OF SENTENCES
1. Assertive: said/told + that
2. Interrogative: asked + if/whether + question word + Subject + Verb
3. Imperative: ordered/asked + to + V1 / not to + V1
4. Exclamatory: exclaimed with joy/sorrow + that
4. TYPES OF SENTENCES WITH EXAMPLES
A. ASSERTIVE SENTENCE – بیان واال جملہ
Rule: said/told + that + Subject + Verb
Reporting Verb: said → said, said to → told
Example 1:
COMPLETE NOTES
1. DEFINITION
Direct Narration: " جب کہنے والے کے الفاظ جوں کے توںInverted Commas" میں لکھے جائیں۔
Example: Bilal said to me, "I have lost my pen."
Indirect Narration: جب کہنے والے کے الفاظ کا مفہوم اپنے الفاظ میں بیان کیا جائے۔Commas ختم
ہو جاتے ہیں۔
Example: Bilal told me that he had lost his pen.
2. IMPORTANT TERMS
Reporting Speech: Commas → کے باہر واال حصہBilal said to me
Reported Speech: Commas " → کے اندر واال حصہI have lost my pen"
3. RULES FOR CONVERSION - 5 STEPS
Step 1: Remove Inverted Commas "" and use "that"
Direct: He said, "I am busy."
Indirect: He said that he was busy.
Step 2: Change Reporting Verb "said to" → "told"
Direct: She said to me, "I am fine."
Indirect: She told me that she was fine.
Note: "said" → "said", "say to" → "tell"
Step 3: PRONOUN CHANGE - 123 Rule
1st Person I, We, My → Reporting Verb کےSubject کے مطابق
2nd Person You, Your → Reporting Verb کےObject کے مطابق
,3rd Person He, She, They → No change
Table:
Person. Nominative Possessive Objective
1st I, We My, Our Me, Us
2nd You Your You
3rd He, She, They His, Her, Their Him, Her, Them
Example: She said to him, "I will help you."
I = 1st Person → She = she
you = 2nd Person → him = him
Indirect: She told him that she would help him.
Step 4: TENSE CHANGE - Backshift Rule
Present → Past, Past → Past Perfect
Direct Indirect
Present Simple V1 Past Simple V2
Present Continuous is/am/are + V-ing Past Continuous was/were + V-ing
Present Perfect has/have + V3. Past Perfect had + V3
Past Simple V2 Past Perfect had + V3
will/shall would/should
can could
may might
Example: He said, "I have written a letter."
→ He said that he had written a letter.
Exception: اگرReported Speech Universal Truth, Habit, یاHistorical Fact ہو توTense change نہیں
ہوگا۔
Direct: The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east."
, Indirect: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
Step 5: Change Words of Time & Place
Direct. Indirect
today that day
tomorrow . the next day
yesterday the previous day
now then
here there
this. that
these those
thus → so
ago → before
tonight → that night
last night → the previous night / the night before
4. TYPES OF SENTENCES
1. Assertive: said/told + that
2. Interrogative: asked + if/whether + question word + Subject + Verb
3. Imperative: ordered/asked + to + V1 / not to + V1
4. Exclamatory: exclaimed with joy/sorrow + that
4. TYPES OF SENTENCES WITH EXAMPLES
A. ASSERTIVE SENTENCE – بیان واال جملہ
Rule: said/told + that + Subject + Verb
Reporting Verb: said → said, said to → told
Example 1:
