NUR 198 Exam PREP QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS | 2026 UPDATE
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Visualize esophagus, stomach, duodenum.
Before EGD
NPO, Informed consent, Moderate sedation.
After EGD
Monitor VS, Check gag reflex before giving food/drink, Throat may be numb.
Enteral Nutrition Complications
N/V/D, Bloating, cramping, Aspiration pneumonia, Tube displacement or obstruction,
Hyperglycemia, Tube leakage, cellulitis.
Sialolithiasis (Salivary Stone) Manifestations
Pain or asymptomatic, Swelling of salivary gland, Stone may be palpable.
Sialolithiasis Management
Massage, Warm compress, Encourage spontaneous passage, Surgical removal if needed.
Neck Dissection Post-op Nursing Care
Airway monitoring (priority), Prevent aspiration, Monitor respiratory status, Manage pain,
Incision care, Support communication (they may not speak normally), Promote shoulder/neck
mobility, Prevent complications.
,Esophageal Spasm Manifestations
Dysphagia, Heartburn, Chest pain, Regurgitation.
Esophageal Spasm Management
Calcium channel blockers, Nitrates, Proton pump inhibitors, Botox, Soft diet, small meals.
Esophageal Perforation Causes
Iatrogenic (scope, NG, etc.), Foreign body, Trauma, Malignancy.
Esophageal Perforation Manifestations
Chest pain, Dysphagia, Dyspnea, Tachycardia, Hypotension.
Esophageal Perforation Management
NPO, IV fluids, Broad-spectrum antibiotics, Pain management, Surgical repair ASAP, Enteral or
TPN nutrition.
Esophageal Obstruction Cause
Usually swallowed object.
Esophageal Obstruction Management
IV glucagon (relaxes esophagus), Endoscopy to remove object, Dilatation if needed.
Chemical Burns of Esophagus Causes
Ingestion of strong acids/alkalis.
Chemical Burns of Esophagus Manifestations
Severe pain, Drooling, Dysphagia, Dyspnea, Burns on lips, mouth, pharynx.
,Chemical Burns of Esophagus Management
Airway first, NPO, IV fluids, Pain control, Surgery if severe, Enteral or parenteral nutrition.
Hiatal Hernia Risk Factors
Age > 50, Obesity, Pregnancy, Smoking, GERD history, Heavy lifting/straining.
Hiatal Hernia Manifestations
Heartburn, Regurgitation, Early satiety, Bloating, Worse when lying down or bending over.
Hiatal Hernia Diagnostics
EGD, Chest X-ray, Barium swallow, Esophageal manometry.
Hiatal Hernia Management / Teaching
Avoid big meals before bed, Avoid foods that ↓ LES pressure: caffeine, chocolate, alcohol,
nitrates, citrus, Weight reduction, Avoid tight clothing, Elevate HOB 6 inches, PPIs or antacids,
Post-op care if fundoplication done.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Causes/Risk Factors
Weakened LES (most common), Hiatal hernia, Obesity, pregnancy, Tight clothing, Smoking, H.
pylori, High gastric acid, Certain medications.
GERD Diagnostics
H&P, EGD, Esophageal pH monitoring (most accurate test).
GERD Management
, Weight loss, Avoid alcohol + smoking, Low fat diet, Avoid LES-relaxing foods, Elevate HOB,
Don't eat 2 hrs before bed, Loose clothing, Meds: PPIs, H2 blockers, Antacids, Prokinetics.
GERD Complications
Barrett's esophagus, Esophageal cancer.
Barrett Esophagus Cause
Chronic GERD.
White males > 50
Demographic at higher risk for esophageal cancer.
EGD with biopsy
Diagnostic procedure for esophageal cancer.
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, often treated aggressively.
Scheduled surveillance EGDs
Regular endoscopic examinations to monitor esophageal health.
Esophageal resection
Surgical procedure for severe dysplasia.
Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer
Includes GERD, Barrett's esophagus, smoking, alcohol, obesity, and HPV.
CT/PET
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS | 2026 UPDATE
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Visualize esophagus, stomach, duodenum.
Before EGD
NPO, Informed consent, Moderate sedation.
After EGD
Monitor VS, Check gag reflex before giving food/drink, Throat may be numb.
Enteral Nutrition Complications
N/V/D, Bloating, cramping, Aspiration pneumonia, Tube displacement or obstruction,
Hyperglycemia, Tube leakage, cellulitis.
Sialolithiasis (Salivary Stone) Manifestations
Pain or asymptomatic, Swelling of salivary gland, Stone may be palpable.
Sialolithiasis Management
Massage, Warm compress, Encourage spontaneous passage, Surgical removal if needed.
Neck Dissection Post-op Nursing Care
Airway monitoring (priority), Prevent aspiration, Monitor respiratory status, Manage pain,
Incision care, Support communication (they may not speak normally), Promote shoulder/neck
mobility, Prevent complications.
,Esophageal Spasm Manifestations
Dysphagia, Heartburn, Chest pain, Regurgitation.
Esophageal Spasm Management
Calcium channel blockers, Nitrates, Proton pump inhibitors, Botox, Soft diet, small meals.
Esophageal Perforation Causes
Iatrogenic (scope, NG, etc.), Foreign body, Trauma, Malignancy.
Esophageal Perforation Manifestations
Chest pain, Dysphagia, Dyspnea, Tachycardia, Hypotension.
Esophageal Perforation Management
NPO, IV fluids, Broad-spectrum antibiotics, Pain management, Surgical repair ASAP, Enteral or
TPN nutrition.
Esophageal Obstruction Cause
Usually swallowed object.
Esophageal Obstruction Management
IV glucagon (relaxes esophagus), Endoscopy to remove object, Dilatation if needed.
Chemical Burns of Esophagus Causes
Ingestion of strong acids/alkalis.
Chemical Burns of Esophagus Manifestations
Severe pain, Drooling, Dysphagia, Dyspnea, Burns on lips, mouth, pharynx.
,Chemical Burns of Esophagus Management
Airway first, NPO, IV fluids, Pain control, Surgery if severe, Enteral or parenteral nutrition.
Hiatal Hernia Risk Factors
Age > 50, Obesity, Pregnancy, Smoking, GERD history, Heavy lifting/straining.
Hiatal Hernia Manifestations
Heartburn, Regurgitation, Early satiety, Bloating, Worse when lying down or bending over.
Hiatal Hernia Diagnostics
EGD, Chest X-ray, Barium swallow, Esophageal manometry.
Hiatal Hernia Management / Teaching
Avoid big meals before bed, Avoid foods that ↓ LES pressure: caffeine, chocolate, alcohol,
nitrates, citrus, Weight reduction, Avoid tight clothing, Elevate HOB 6 inches, PPIs or antacids,
Post-op care if fundoplication done.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Causes/Risk Factors
Weakened LES (most common), Hiatal hernia, Obesity, pregnancy, Tight clothing, Smoking, H.
pylori, High gastric acid, Certain medications.
GERD Diagnostics
H&P, EGD, Esophageal pH monitoring (most accurate test).
GERD Management
, Weight loss, Avoid alcohol + smoking, Low fat diet, Avoid LES-relaxing foods, Elevate HOB,
Don't eat 2 hrs before bed, Loose clothing, Meds: PPIs, H2 blockers, Antacids, Prokinetics.
GERD Complications
Barrett's esophagus, Esophageal cancer.
Barrett Esophagus Cause
Chronic GERD.
White males > 50
Demographic at higher risk for esophageal cancer.
EGD with biopsy
Diagnostic procedure for esophageal cancer.
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, often treated aggressively.
Scheduled surveillance EGDs
Regular endoscopic examinations to monitor esophageal health.
Esophageal resection
Surgical procedure for severe dysplasia.
Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer
Includes GERD, Barrett's esophagus, smoking, alcohol, obesity, and HPV.
CT/PET
