BIO 322 GCU CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION VIEW
●● adaptations.
Answer: Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow
an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment.
●● atrophy.
Answer: decrease in cell size
●● hypertrophy.
Answer: increase in cell size
●● Hyperplasia.
Answer: increase in number of cells
●● Metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less
mature cell type
●● Dysplasia.
,Answer: deranged cellular growth
abnormal cell
●● nutritional imbalances.
Answer: · Excess
-saturated fats
-atherosclerosis (common death worldwide)
-Sugar
-Type 11 diabetes
· Deficiency
-Anemia - iron, vit B9, vit B12
-Scurvy - vit c
-Pellagra - vit B3 [Niacin]
- s/s 3 D's = dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
-Kwashiorkor's- protein (bloated belly)
-Marasmus - calories (proteins, sugar and fats)
●● hypoxic cell injury.
Answer: · Hypoxia = lack of sufficient oxygen
-Most common cause (MCC) of cellular injury
· Ischemia (reduce blood supply)
, - Lack of blood flow into brain
-Ex: atherosclerosis, thrombus, high altitude, anemia
· Anoxia (total lack of oxygen)
-Ex: embolus - Mi, CVA, PE
●● Effects of Hypoxic Cell injury.
Answer: 1. ATP depletion
-Anaerobic metabolism - until glycogen stores are depleted
-Na+/K+ ATPase & Ca2+ ATPase are affected
-Increased intracellular Na+ & Ca2+
-H2O follows Na+ → cell swelling
-RER swelling→ribosomes detach→↓ Protein Synthesis
2. Increased Intracellular Calcium
-Ca2+ activates intracellular catabolic enzymes
-↓ATP, Membrane damage, DNA damage
- ↑Mitochondrial permeability→↑ROS (reactive oxygen species)
3. Oxygen-derived free radicals = Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) •
Destruction of cell membrane and nucleus
4. Defects in membrane permeability
-Leakage of intracellular enzymes, can be detected in the blood
-How do you diagnose an MI? Liver Failure?
EVALUATION 2026 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS FULL SOLUTION VIEW
●● adaptations.
Answer: Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow
an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment.
●● atrophy.
Answer: decrease in cell size
●● hypertrophy.
Answer: increase in cell size
●● Hyperplasia.
Answer: increase in number of cells
●● Metaplasia.
Answer: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less
mature cell type
●● Dysplasia.
,Answer: deranged cellular growth
abnormal cell
●● nutritional imbalances.
Answer: · Excess
-saturated fats
-atherosclerosis (common death worldwide)
-Sugar
-Type 11 diabetes
· Deficiency
-Anemia - iron, vit B9, vit B12
-Scurvy - vit c
-Pellagra - vit B3 [Niacin]
- s/s 3 D's = dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
-Kwashiorkor's- protein (bloated belly)
-Marasmus - calories (proteins, sugar and fats)
●● hypoxic cell injury.
Answer: · Hypoxia = lack of sufficient oxygen
-Most common cause (MCC) of cellular injury
· Ischemia (reduce blood supply)
, - Lack of blood flow into brain
-Ex: atherosclerosis, thrombus, high altitude, anemia
· Anoxia (total lack of oxygen)
-Ex: embolus - Mi, CVA, PE
●● Effects of Hypoxic Cell injury.
Answer: 1. ATP depletion
-Anaerobic metabolism - until glycogen stores are depleted
-Na+/K+ ATPase & Ca2+ ATPase are affected
-Increased intracellular Na+ & Ca2+
-H2O follows Na+ → cell swelling
-RER swelling→ribosomes detach→↓ Protein Synthesis
2. Increased Intracellular Calcium
-Ca2+ activates intracellular catabolic enzymes
-↓ATP, Membrane damage, DNA damage
- ↑Mitochondrial permeability→↑ROS (reactive oxygen species)
3. Oxygen-derived free radicals = Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) •
Destruction of cell membrane and nucleus
4. Defects in membrane permeability
-Leakage of intracellular enzymes, can be detected in the blood
-How do you diagnose an MI? Liver Failure?
