BIO 168 TESTS 2026 REVISION NOTES AND
STRUCTURED BIOLOGY OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ These proteins catalyze reactions at the external or internal
membrane surface: Answer: enzymes
◉ These proteins are used by the cells in the immune system to
distinguish between self and non-self: Answer: identity markers
◉ These proteins provide a passage for polar and charged molecules
to enter or leave the cell: Answer: channel proteins
◉ These proteins provide a site on the internal surface of the
membrane where microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate
filaments can attach Answer: anchoring sites
◉ These proteins allow cells to stick together Answer: cell-adhesion
protein
◉ These proteins move molecules into or out of the cell with their
concentration gradients Answer: carrier proteins
,◉ A general term for the substance that dissolves other substances.
Answer: solvent
◉ Movement of solute out of a cell using a vesicle Answer:
exocytosis
◉ The movement of water across a membrane in order to equalize
solute concentration. Answer: osmosis
◉ A general term for the substance that is dissolved. Answer: solute
◉ Movement of a solute across a membrane in the direction of its
concentration gradient Answer: passive transport
◉ A state in which there is an area of high solute concentration in
one location and low solute concentration in another location.
Answer: concentration gradient
◉ The amount of solute per amount of solvent. Answer:
concentration
◉ When solute concentration is equal on both sides of a
semipermeable membrane Answer: isotonic
, ◉ Describes substances that don't dissolve in water Answer:
hydrophobic
◉ Describes substances that readily dissolve in water: Answer:
hydrophilic
◉ Movement with the concentration gradient through a protein
channel or carrier Answer: facilitated diffusion
◉ Incorporates fluid droplets into the cytoplasm Answer:
pinocytosis
◉ Releases secretory products through the cell membrane Answer:
exocytosis
◉ Movement of water Answer: osmosis
◉ Phagocytosis Answer: endocytosis
◉ Utilizes ATP and a carrier molecule Answer: active transport
◉ If pure water was added to the patient's blood, would that make
the blood hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic to the red blood cells?
Answer: hypotonic
STRUCTURED BIOLOGY OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ These proteins catalyze reactions at the external or internal
membrane surface: Answer: enzymes
◉ These proteins are used by the cells in the immune system to
distinguish between self and non-self: Answer: identity markers
◉ These proteins provide a passage for polar and charged molecules
to enter or leave the cell: Answer: channel proteins
◉ These proteins provide a site on the internal surface of the
membrane where microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate
filaments can attach Answer: anchoring sites
◉ These proteins allow cells to stick together Answer: cell-adhesion
protein
◉ These proteins move molecules into or out of the cell with their
concentration gradients Answer: carrier proteins
,◉ A general term for the substance that dissolves other substances.
Answer: solvent
◉ Movement of solute out of a cell using a vesicle Answer:
exocytosis
◉ The movement of water across a membrane in order to equalize
solute concentration. Answer: osmosis
◉ A general term for the substance that is dissolved. Answer: solute
◉ Movement of a solute across a membrane in the direction of its
concentration gradient Answer: passive transport
◉ A state in which there is an area of high solute concentration in
one location and low solute concentration in another location.
Answer: concentration gradient
◉ The amount of solute per amount of solvent. Answer:
concentration
◉ When solute concentration is equal on both sides of a
semipermeable membrane Answer: isotonic
, ◉ Describes substances that don't dissolve in water Answer:
hydrophobic
◉ Describes substances that readily dissolve in water: Answer:
hydrophilic
◉ Movement with the concentration gradient through a protein
channel or carrier Answer: facilitated diffusion
◉ Incorporates fluid droplets into the cytoplasm Answer:
pinocytosis
◉ Releases secretory products through the cell membrane Answer:
exocytosis
◉ Movement of water Answer: osmosis
◉ Phagocytosis Answer: endocytosis
◉ Utilizes ATP and a carrier molecule Answer: active transport
◉ If pure water was added to the patient's blood, would that make
the blood hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic to the red blood cells?
Answer: hypotonic
