NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exam Study Guide - Chamberlain
Questions with Rationalized Answers, Guarantee passing score
This exam features: multiple-choice ques & Ans
1. Post-Ictal Phase
Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by confusion, unresponsiveness
and muscle flaccidity.
True
False: This statement is true. Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by
confusion, unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
2. Etiology of Seizures
Which of the following is an etiology of a seizure?
Meningitis.
Psychiatric disorders.
Cerebral bleeding.
All of the above.: All of the above
3. Focal Seizure
Which of the following is a characteristic of a focal seizure?
Can involve both brain hemispheres.
Usually involves one brain hemisphere.
The symptoms are generalized.
Patient will have both motor and sensory symptoms at the same time.: A focal
seizure only involves on brain hemisphere.
,4. Seizure Development
Which of the following electrolyte abnormality is involved in the initiation and
propagation phase of seizure development?
Hyponatremia.
Hypokalemia.
Hypercalcemia.
Hypernatremia.: The initiation and propagation phase of seizure development is
impacted by hyponatremia.
5. Epilepsy vs Seizure: Convulsions
Epilepsy is a disorder that is due to one or more chronic conditions in the body. It is
characterized by disturbed nerve cell activity in the brain. This leads to recurrent
seizures. Seizures may occur due to brain trauma that leads to disturbed and
uncontrolled nerve activity in the brain. It is important to differentiate between
epilepsy and seizure.
Seizure is a condition that occurs due to excessive and uncontrolled neuronal activity
in the brain. The uncontrolled neuron activity can be generalized or localized to one
area of the brain. For example, it can be localized just to the area that perceives
the touch sensation. Whether it is generalized or localized, the excessive neuronal
activity lead to the seizure. The type of seizure will depend on the area of the brain
affected.
6. Mechanisms of Seizure Development: Normally there exists a balance be-
tween the excitation and inhibition of neurons in the CNS. Neuronal activity is
regulated by acetylcholine (ACH) and gamma-Aminobutyric
acid (GABA). Neurons
are synchronously active at the same time when they are not supposed to be.
The term active denotes neuron firing where they are sending electrical signals
from neuron to neuron. A microscope view of a neuron will demonstrate that each
electrical signal that passes through it are just ions floating in and out through protein
channels (see diagram below). The ion flow is controlled through neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors to tell the cell to either open the ion chan-
nels to relay the chemical message (excitatory neurotransmitters) or close the ion
,channels to inhibit the electrical message (inhibitory neurotransmitters).
7. Phases of seizures: Phases of Seizures
During a seizure, clusters of neurons in the brain become temporarily impaired.
Seizures develop in a group of neurons when there is hyperexcitability and usually
happens in two phases:
Initiation phase: Some neurons become hyperexcited and start to have excess
neuron discharges. One of the most important reasons relates to the body's sodium
level as in the case of hyponatremia.
Propagation phase: Normally the neurons that have neuronal discharges are sur-
round by a zone of inhibitory neurons called the zone of hyperpolarization. This zone
prevents the spread of excessive neuron discharges to other parts of the brain. But
due to some abnormality in the brain, as in the case of decreased sodium levels,
the zone of hyperpolarization gets depolarized that allows the spread of neurons to
other parts of the brain.
In the diagram below, the electrical activity in the normal brain is displayed. Seizures
can be partial or generalized in terms of the extent of the neuronal discharges. In a
partial seizure, a portion of the brain is involved. During a generalized seizure, the
neuronal discharge encompasses the entire cerebral cortex.
8. This seizure is most common in children. It is caused by a genetic ab-
normality. They are characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness
without muscle tone and last for only a few seconds. There is no associated
post-ictal confusion.: Absent Seizures
9. This seizure is characterized by unconsciousness
and muscle rigidity.: -
Tonic Seizures
10. There is wide-spread and uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire cere-
bral cortex. These occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy. There is exces-
, sive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves through the brain.: Generalized
tonic-clonic seizures:
11. This seizure is characterized by muscle spasms.: Clonic Seizures
12. Post-Ictal Phase
The post-ictal phase of a seizure can last up to two hours.
True
False: True
13. Focal Seizure
An individual having a focal seizure without dyscognitive features will:
Not be able to interact with the environment
Have gradual loss of consciousness
Have no impairment of consciousness.
Lose cognitive ability momentarily: A lack of dyscognitive features will have no
impairment of consciousness.
14. Febrile Seizures
Antiseizure medication is the first line treatment for a febrile seizure.
True
False: false
15. what are the phases of tonic-clonic seizure: Tonic-clonic phase (lasts 10-20
seconds): Due to the excessive discharge of neurons in the motor nerves that results
in:
The muscles of the body become contracted. without any relaxation.
Loss of consciousness.
Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic contractions of the laryngeal
muscles and muscles of expiration.
Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause tongue biting.
Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause increased heart rate and blood
Final Exam Study Guide - Chamberlain
Questions with Rationalized Answers, Guarantee passing score
This exam features: multiple-choice ques & Ans
1. Post-Ictal Phase
Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by confusion, unresponsiveness
and muscle flaccidity.
True
False: This statement is true. Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by
confusion, unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
2. Etiology of Seizures
Which of the following is an etiology of a seizure?
Meningitis.
Psychiatric disorders.
Cerebral bleeding.
All of the above.: All of the above
3. Focal Seizure
Which of the following is a characteristic of a focal seizure?
Can involve both brain hemispheres.
Usually involves one brain hemisphere.
The symptoms are generalized.
Patient will have both motor and sensory symptoms at the same time.: A focal
seizure only involves on brain hemisphere.
,4. Seizure Development
Which of the following electrolyte abnormality is involved in the initiation and
propagation phase of seizure development?
Hyponatremia.
Hypokalemia.
Hypercalcemia.
Hypernatremia.: The initiation and propagation phase of seizure development is
impacted by hyponatremia.
5. Epilepsy vs Seizure: Convulsions
Epilepsy is a disorder that is due to one or more chronic conditions in the body. It is
characterized by disturbed nerve cell activity in the brain. This leads to recurrent
seizures. Seizures may occur due to brain trauma that leads to disturbed and
uncontrolled nerve activity in the brain. It is important to differentiate between
epilepsy and seizure.
Seizure is a condition that occurs due to excessive and uncontrolled neuronal activity
in the brain. The uncontrolled neuron activity can be generalized or localized to one
area of the brain. For example, it can be localized just to the area that perceives
the touch sensation. Whether it is generalized or localized, the excessive neuronal
activity lead to the seizure. The type of seizure will depend on the area of the brain
affected.
6. Mechanisms of Seizure Development: Normally there exists a balance be-
tween the excitation and inhibition of neurons in the CNS. Neuronal activity is
regulated by acetylcholine (ACH) and gamma-Aminobutyric
acid (GABA). Neurons
are synchronously active at the same time when they are not supposed to be.
The term active denotes neuron firing where they are sending electrical signals
from neuron to neuron. A microscope view of a neuron will demonstrate that each
electrical signal that passes through it are just ions floating in and out through protein
channels (see diagram below). The ion flow is controlled through neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors to tell the cell to either open the ion chan-
nels to relay the chemical message (excitatory neurotransmitters) or close the ion
,channels to inhibit the electrical message (inhibitory neurotransmitters).
7. Phases of seizures: Phases of Seizures
During a seizure, clusters of neurons in the brain become temporarily impaired.
Seizures develop in a group of neurons when there is hyperexcitability and usually
happens in two phases:
Initiation phase: Some neurons become hyperexcited and start to have excess
neuron discharges. One of the most important reasons relates to the body's sodium
level as in the case of hyponatremia.
Propagation phase: Normally the neurons that have neuronal discharges are sur-
round by a zone of inhibitory neurons called the zone of hyperpolarization. This zone
prevents the spread of excessive neuron discharges to other parts of the brain. But
due to some abnormality in the brain, as in the case of decreased sodium levels,
the zone of hyperpolarization gets depolarized that allows the spread of neurons to
other parts of the brain.
In the diagram below, the electrical activity in the normal brain is displayed. Seizures
can be partial or generalized in terms of the extent of the neuronal discharges. In a
partial seizure, a portion of the brain is involved. During a generalized seizure, the
neuronal discharge encompasses the entire cerebral cortex.
8. This seizure is most common in children. It is caused by a genetic ab-
normality. They are characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness
without muscle tone and last for only a few seconds. There is no associated
post-ictal confusion.: Absent Seizures
9. This seizure is characterized by unconsciousness
and muscle rigidity.: -
Tonic Seizures
10. There is wide-spread and uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire cere-
bral cortex. These occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy. There is exces-
, sive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves through the brain.: Generalized
tonic-clonic seizures:
11. This seizure is characterized by muscle spasms.: Clonic Seizures
12. Post-Ictal Phase
The post-ictal phase of a seizure can last up to two hours.
True
False: True
13. Focal Seizure
An individual having a focal seizure without dyscognitive features will:
Not be able to interact with the environment
Have gradual loss of consciousness
Have no impairment of consciousness.
Lose cognitive ability momentarily: A lack of dyscognitive features will have no
impairment of consciousness.
14. Febrile Seizures
Antiseizure medication is the first line treatment for a febrile seizure.
True
False: false
15. what are the phases of tonic-clonic seizure: Tonic-clonic phase (lasts 10-20
seconds): Due to the excessive discharge of neurons in the motor nerves that results
in:
The muscles of the body become contracted. without any relaxation.
Loss of consciousness.
Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic contractions of the laryngeal
muscles and muscles of expiration.
Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause tongue biting.
Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause increased heart rate and blood
