NR283 Test Question Bank | Exam 1, Exam 2, Exam 3
& Final Exam | 300 Questions with Verified Answers |
Pathophysiology – Chamberlain University | Complete
Review 2026-2028 | PDF
SHORT COVERAGE BY EXAM
Exam Topics Questions
Exam 1 Cellular Biology, Inflammation, Immunity, Neoplasia, Genetics 1–75
Exam 2 Fluid & Electrolytes, Acid-Base, Cardiovascular, Respiratory 76–150
Exam 3 Endocrine, Gastrointestinal, Renal, Genitourinary 151–225
Final Neurological, Musculoskeletal, Hematological, Infectious 226–300
Exam Diseases, Comprehensive Review
Total Questions: 300 | Course: NR283 – Pathophysiology | Institution: Chamberlain
University
Exam 1: Cellular Biology, Inflammation, Immunity, Neoplasia, Genetics (Questions 1–
75)
1. Which organelle within the cell is primarily responsible for the production of ATP
through the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
a) Mitochondria
b) Nucleus
c) Ribosome
d) Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation. They contain their own DNA and are involved in apoptosis, calcium
homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species production.
,2. What is the primary function of the selectively permeable cell membrane in
maintaining cellular homeostasis?
a) Regulation of transport of substances into and out of the cell
b) Synthesis of proteins for cellular repair
c) Storage of genetic material for cell division
d) Production of ATP for cellular energy
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and regulates the transport of substances into
and out of the cell. It maintains cellular homeostasis by controlling ion gradients and
allowing nutrients to enter while waste products exit.
3. A patient's heart muscle cells increase in size due to long-standing hypertension;
which type of cellular adaptation is this patient experiencing?
a) Hypertrophy
b) Hyperplasia
c) Atrophy
d) Metaplasia
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often in response to increased workload. Examples
include cardiac myocyte hypertrophy in hypertension and skeletal muscle hypertrophy with
exercise.
4. When a patient's breast tissue enlarges during pregnancy due to an increase in the
number of glandular cells, what is this type of cellular adaptation called?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Atrophy
d) Metaplasia
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number due to increased cell division. It can be
physiologic (breast development during pregnancy) or pathologic (benign prostatic
hyperplasia).
,5. A patient who has been immobilized in a cast for several weeks develops muscle
wasting; what is the correct term for this decrease in cell size?
a) Atrophy
b) Hyperplasia
c) Hypertrophy
d) Metaplasia
Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to decreased workload, denervation, ischemia,
malnutrition, or hormonal changes. Atrophic cells may have decreased function but can
often recover if the stressor is removed.
6. A chronic smoker develops a change in the lining of his bronchi where normal
ciliated columnar cells are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells; which
cellular adaptation has occurred?
a) Metaplasia
b) Hyperplasia
c) Hypertrophy
d) Dysplasia
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another, often in
response to chronic irritation. Examples include squamous metaplasia in the respiratory
tract of smokers.
7. A Pap smear reveals abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
cervical epithelial cells that are not yet cancerous; what term best describes this
finding?
a) Dysplasia
b) Metaplasia
c) Hyperplasia
d) Hypertrophy
Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal cell morphology and tissue organization. It is often a
precursor to cancer but may be reversible if the irritant is removed. Cervical dysplasia is
detected by Pap smear.
, 8. When a patient experiences reduced blood flow to a tissue due to an arterial
blockage, what is this condition called that leads to decreased oxygen and nutrient
delivery?
a) Ischemia
b) Hypoxia
c) Necrosis
d) Apoptosis
Ischemia is reduced blood flow resulting in decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery. It is a
common cause of cellular injury and can lead to infarction if prolonged.
9. A patient with severe anemia has decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood,
leading to insufficient oxygen at the tissue level; what is this condition called?
a) Hypoxia
b) Ischemia
c) Necrosis
d) Infarction
Hypoxia is a deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level. It can result from ischemia, anemia,
hypoxemia, or impaired oxygen utilization (e.g., cyanide poisoning).
10. A patient with acute appendicitis has redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of
function in the right lower quadrant; which of the five cardinal signs of inflammation
is NOT listed in this description?
a) Heat is missing from the description
b) Redness is missing from the description
c) Loss of function is missing from the description
d) Pain is missing from the description
The five cardinal signs of inflammation (Latin: rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa) are
mediated by inflammatory mediators. Redness and heat are due to vasodilation; swelling is
due to increased vascular permeability; pain is due to prostaglandins and bradykinin; loss of
function may result from pain and swelling.
& Final Exam | 300 Questions with Verified Answers |
Pathophysiology – Chamberlain University | Complete
Review 2026-2028 | PDF
SHORT COVERAGE BY EXAM
Exam Topics Questions
Exam 1 Cellular Biology, Inflammation, Immunity, Neoplasia, Genetics 1–75
Exam 2 Fluid & Electrolytes, Acid-Base, Cardiovascular, Respiratory 76–150
Exam 3 Endocrine, Gastrointestinal, Renal, Genitourinary 151–225
Final Neurological, Musculoskeletal, Hematological, Infectious 226–300
Exam Diseases, Comprehensive Review
Total Questions: 300 | Course: NR283 – Pathophysiology | Institution: Chamberlain
University
Exam 1: Cellular Biology, Inflammation, Immunity, Neoplasia, Genetics (Questions 1–
75)
1. Which organelle within the cell is primarily responsible for the production of ATP
through the process of oxidative phosphorylation?
a) Mitochondria
b) Nucleus
c) Ribosome
d) Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation. They contain their own DNA and are involved in apoptosis, calcium
homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species production.
,2. What is the primary function of the selectively permeable cell membrane in
maintaining cellular homeostasis?
a) Regulation of transport of substances into and out of the cell
b) Synthesis of proteins for cellular repair
c) Storage of genetic material for cell division
d) Production of ATP for cellular energy
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and regulates the transport of substances into
and out of the cell. It maintains cellular homeostasis by controlling ion gradients and
allowing nutrients to enter while waste products exit.
3. A patient's heart muscle cells increase in size due to long-standing hypertension;
which type of cellular adaptation is this patient experiencing?
a) Hypertrophy
b) Hyperplasia
c) Atrophy
d) Metaplasia
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, often in response to increased workload. Examples
include cardiac myocyte hypertrophy in hypertension and skeletal muscle hypertrophy with
exercise.
4. When a patient's breast tissue enlarges during pregnancy due to an increase in the
number of glandular cells, what is this type of cellular adaptation called?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Atrophy
d) Metaplasia
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number due to increased cell division. It can be
physiologic (breast development during pregnancy) or pathologic (benign prostatic
hyperplasia).
,5. A patient who has been immobilized in a cast for several weeks develops muscle
wasting; what is the correct term for this decrease in cell size?
a) Atrophy
b) Hyperplasia
c) Hypertrophy
d) Metaplasia
Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to decreased workload, denervation, ischemia,
malnutrition, or hormonal changes. Atrophic cells may have decreased function but can
often recover if the stressor is removed.
6. A chronic smoker develops a change in the lining of his bronchi where normal
ciliated columnar cells are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells; which
cellular adaptation has occurred?
a) Metaplasia
b) Hyperplasia
c) Hypertrophy
d) Dysplasia
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another, often in
response to chronic irritation. Examples include squamous metaplasia in the respiratory
tract of smokers.
7. A Pap smear reveals abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of
cervical epithelial cells that are not yet cancerous; what term best describes this
finding?
a) Dysplasia
b) Metaplasia
c) Hyperplasia
d) Hypertrophy
Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal cell morphology and tissue organization. It is often a
precursor to cancer but may be reversible if the irritant is removed. Cervical dysplasia is
detected by Pap smear.
, 8. When a patient experiences reduced blood flow to a tissue due to an arterial
blockage, what is this condition called that leads to decreased oxygen and nutrient
delivery?
a) Ischemia
b) Hypoxia
c) Necrosis
d) Apoptosis
Ischemia is reduced blood flow resulting in decreased oxygen and nutrient delivery. It is a
common cause of cellular injury and can lead to infarction if prolonged.
9. A patient with severe anemia has decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood,
leading to insufficient oxygen at the tissue level; what is this condition called?
a) Hypoxia
b) Ischemia
c) Necrosis
d) Infarction
Hypoxia is a deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level. It can result from ischemia, anemia,
hypoxemia, or impaired oxygen utilization (e.g., cyanide poisoning).
10. A patient with acute appendicitis has redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of
function in the right lower quadrant; which of the five cardinal signs of inflammation
is NOT listed in this description?
a) Heat is missing from the description
b) Redness is missing from the description
c) Loss of function is missing from the description
d) Pain is missing from the description
The five cardinal signs of inflammation (Latin: rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa) are
mediated by inflammatory mediators. Redness and heat are due to vasodilation; swelling is
due to increased vascular permeability; pain is due to prostaglandins and bradykinin; loss of
function may result from pain and swelling.
