FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING EXAM 2 2026
EXAM PREP STUDY GUIDE COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW
◉ Diagnosing. Answer: To identify client strengths and health
problems that can be prevented
or resolved by collaborative and
independent nursing interventions
To develop a list of nursing and
collaborative problems
◉ Planning. Answer: To develop an individualized care plan
that specifies client goals/desired out-
comes, and related nursing interventions
◉ Implementing. Answer: To assist the client to meet desired goals/
outcomes; promote wellness; prevent
illness and disease; restore health; and
facilitate coping with altered functioning
◉ Evaluating. Answer: To determine whether to continue,
,modify, or terminate the plan of care
◉ Nursing ABC's. Answer: airway, breathing, circulation
◉ Maslows level 1: physiologic needs. Answer: oxygen, food, water,
sex, rest, physical activity; physiologic needs are highest priority
◉ Maslows level 2: safety and security needs. Answer: both physical
and emotional components; being protected from potential or actual
harm
◉ Maslows level 3: love and belonging needs. Answer:
understanding and acceptance of others in both giving and receiving
love; feeling of belonging; unmet needs produce loneliness and
isolation
◉ Maslows level 4: self-esteem needs. Answer: Need for a person to
feel good about oneself, to feel pride and a sense of accomplishment
and to believe that others also respect and appreciate those
accomplishments
-Positive self-esteem facilitates the person's confidence and
independence
◉ Maslows level 5: Self-Actualization. Answer: acceptance of self and
others as they are; each lower level must be met; focus of interest on
, problems outside oneself; respect for all people; focus on strengths
and possibilities vs problems
◉ Macule. Answer: flat, colored spot on the skin ex- birthmark
◉ papule. Answer: small, solid, raised lesion on surface of the skin -
less then 1cm ex- wart, acne
◉ plaque. Answer: a solid mass greater than 1 cm in diameter and
limited to the surface of the skin ex- psoriasis, rubeola
◉ nodule. Answer: solid, round or oval elevated lesion 1 cm or more
in diameter ex- squamous cell carcinoma
◉ pustule. Answer: elevation of skin containing pus ex- acne
◉ Vesicle/Bulla. Answer: circumscribed, round or oval thin
translucent mass vesicles less than 0.5 cm Example 2nd degree
burns and herpes simplex
◉ cyst. Answer: sac containing fluid
◉ wheal. Answer: raised red skin lesion due to interstitial fluid ex-
hives, mosquito bites
EXAM PREP STUDY GUIDE COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW
◉ Diagnosing. Answer: To identify client strengths and health
problems that can be prevented
or resolved by collaborative and
independent nursing interventions
To develop a list of nursing and
collaborative problems
◉ Planning. Answer: To develop an individualized care plan
that specifies client goals/desired out-
comes, and related nursing interventions
◉ Implementing. Answer: To assist the client to meet desired goals/
outcomes; promote wellness; prevent
illness and disease; restore health; and
facilitate coping with altered functioning
◉ Evaluating. Answer: To determine whether to continue,
,modify, or terminate the plan of care
◉ Nursing ABC's. Answer: airway, breathing, circulation
◉ Maslows level 1: physiologic needs. Answer: oxygen, food, water,
sex, rest, physical activity; physiologic needs are highest priority
◉ Maslows level 2: safety and security needs. Answer: both physical
and emotional components; being protected from potential or actual
harm
◉ Maslows level 3: love and belonging needs. Answer:
understanding and acceptance of others in both giving and receiving
love; feeling of belonging; unmet needs produce loneliness and
isolation
◉ Maslows level 4: self-esteem needs. Answer: Need for a person to
feel good about oneself, to feel pride and a sense of accomplishment
and to believe that others also respect and appreciate those
accomplishments
-Positive self-esteem facilitates the person's confidence and
independence
◉ Maslows level 5: Self-Actualization. Answer: acceptance of self and
others as they are; each lower level must be met; focus of interest on
, problems outside oneself; respect for all people; focus on strengths
and possibilities vs problems
◉ Macule. Answer: flat, colored spot on the skin ex- birthmark
◉ papule. Answer: small, solid, raised lesion on surface of the skin -
less then 1cm ex- wart, acne
◉ plaque. Answer: a solid mass greater than 1 cm in diameter and
limited to the surface of the skin ex- psoriasis, rubeola
◉ nodule. Answer: solid, round or oval elevated lesion 1 cm or more
in diameter ex- squamous cell carcinoma
◉ pustule. Answer: elevation of skin containing pus ex- acne
◉ Vesicle/Bulla. Answer: circumscribed, round or oval thin
translucent mass vesicles less than 0.5 cm Example 2nd degree
burns and herpes simplex
◉ cyst. Answer: sac containing fluid
◉ wheal. Answer: raised red skin lesion due to interstitial fluid ex-
hives, mosquito bites
