FOUNDATIONS OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE IN
CANADA BORIS BARD COMPLETE STUDY
GUIDE 2026
◉ According to Freud's theory, a baby who is crying in response to
wanting to be held by his mother is an example of which part of the
personality's control over behavior?
A.Self-control
B. Superego
C. Ego
D. Id. Answer: D. Id
According to Freud, the Id is the pleasure center of the brain that
seeks immediate pleasure or avoids pain, without regard for
possible outcomes. The ego is reality based and has more control
than the id; the superego is not developed in early childhood
because it includes a conscience. Self-control is not a component of
Freud's theory of personality.
◉ According to the theorist Erik Erikson, an individual strives to
actualize his identity, is most productive, and demonstrates guidance
of and concern for others with a core task of caring during which
stage of psychosocial development?
,A.Middle adulthood (25 to 65 years)
B.Young adulthood (18 to 25 years)
C. Puberty (12 to 18 years)
D. Maturity (65 years to death). Answer: A. Middle adulthood (25 to
65 years)
The characteristics of striving to actualize identity, being most
productive, and demonstrating guidance of and concern for others,
according to Erikson, are seen during middle adulthood. Individuals
who do not achieve the core task of caring become stagnant, self-
indulgent, and absorbed in themselves. The core task of young
adulthood is love; the core task of maturity is wisdom; and the core
task of puberty is fidelity.
◉ Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development identifies an
interrelationship between the __________ and the __________ functions
in the development of one's personality.
A. Id, ego
B. Intellectual, emotional
C. Anxiety, affective
D. Personified, cognitive. Answer: B. Intellectual, emotional
Piaget believed that growth and development occurred as a result of
the interrelationship between intellectual (cognitive) and emotional
(affective) development. The id and the ego are part of Freud's
beliefs regarding personality development. Anxiety is a vague feeling
, of uneasiness. Personification is a term developed by the theorist
Sullivan to describe distorted images of certain relationships that
occur in development of the personality.
◉ A 4-year-old client in a pediatric unit is imitating the actions of
the nurse. The nurse knows, according to Erik Erikson's theory, that
this child is displaying a characteristic seen during which
developmental stage?
A.Latency
B. Anal-muscular
C.Genital-locomotor
D. Oral-sensory. Answer: C. Genital-locomotor
The genital-locomotor stage (preschool years) is characterized by
exploration of the environment, cooperative play, fantasy, and
imitation of adults. Initiative and guilt are core tasks of this stage.
The latency stage occurs during the school-age years (6 to 12 years
old), the oral-sensory stage occurs from birth to 1 year of age, and
the anal-muscular stage occurs during early childhood.
◉ Humanistic theories are important to health care because these
theories serve as the foundation for the concept of:
A. Behaviorism
B. Behavior modification
CANADA BORIS BARD COMPLETE STUDY
GUIDE 2026
◉ According to Freud's theory, a baby who is crying in response to
wanting to be held by his mother is an example of which part of the
personality's control over behavior?
A.Self-control
B. Superego
C. Ego
D. Id. Answer: D. Id
According to Freud, the Id is the pleasure center of the brain that
seeks immediate pleasure or avoids pain, without regard for
possible outcomes. The ego is reality based and has more control
than the id; the superego is not developed in early childhood
because it includes a conscience. Self-control is not a component of
Freud's theory of personality.
◉ According to the theorist Erik Erikson, an individual strives to
actualize his identity, is most productive, and demonstrates guidance
of and concern for others with a core task of caring during which
stage of psychosocial development?
,A.Middle adulthood (25 to 65 years)
B.Young adulthood (18 to 25 years)
C. Puberty (12 to 18 years)
D. Maturity (65 years to death). Answer: A. Middle adulthood (25 to
65 years)
The characteristics of striving to actualize identity, being most
productive, and demonstrating guidance of and concern for others,
according to Erikson, are seen during middle adulthood. Individuals
who do not achieve the core task of caring become stagnant, self-
indulgent, and absorbed in themselves. The core task of young
adulthood is love; the core task of maturity is wisdom; and the core
task of puberty is fidelity.
◉ Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development identifies an
interrelationship between the __________ and the __________ functions
in the development of one's personality.
A. Id, ego
B. Intellectual, emotional
C. Anxiety, affective
D. Personified, cognitive. Answer: B. Intellectual, emotional
Piaget believed that growth and development occurred as a result of
the interrelationship between intellectual (cognitive) and emotional
(affective) development. The id and the ego are part of Freud's
beliefs regarding personality development. Anxiety is a vague feeling
, of uneasiness. Personification is a term developed by the theorist
Sullivan to describe distorted images of certain relationships that
occur in development of the personality.
◉ A 4-year-old client in a pediatric unit is imitating the actions of
the nurse. The nurse knows, according to Erik Erikson's theory, that
this child is displaying a characteristic seen during which
developmental stage?
A.Latency
B. Anal-muscular
C.Genital-locomotor
D. Oral-sensory. Answer: C. Genital-locomotor
The genital-locomotor stage (preschool years) is characterized by
exploration of the environment, cooperative play, fantasy, and
imitation of adults. Initiative and guilt are core tasks of this stage.
The latency stage occurs during the school-age years (6 to 12 years
old), the oral-sensory stage occurs from birth to 1 year of age, and
the anal-muscular stage occurs during early childhood.
◉ Humanistic theories are important to health care because these
theories serve as the foundation for the concept of:
A. Behaviorism
B. Behavior modification
