WGU D236- ADVANCED Pathophysiology OA STUDY
GUIDE |350+Qs&As|NEW UPDATE 2026-
2027|ALREADY GRADED A+
A 40-year-old woman presents several weeks after a tick bite with multiple
erythema migrans lesions on her trunk, intermittent fevers, fatigue, and new
onset of unilateral facial nerve palsy. She also reports palpitations and
dizziness. ECG shows varying degrees of atrioventricular (AV) block.
ANSWER:->>>Stage 2 Lyme disease
A 28-year-old woman presents with an exaggerated inward curvature of her
lumbar spine, complaining of lower back pain and difficulty maintaining
proper posture. On physical examination, there is an increased lumbar lordotic
curve with anterior pelvic tilt.
ANSWER:->>>lordosis
lo= lower
Curvature of the spine exceeding 65 degrees in what region of the spine can
lead to serious complications?
A 14-year-old adolescent girl is brought in for evaluation of an abnormal
curvature of the spine noted by her school nurse. On physical examination,
there is a lateral curvature of the thoracic spine with a visible rib hump on
forward bending (Adam's test). Neurological examination is normal.
,ANSWER:->>>scoliosis
Causes of secondary hypertension
ANSWER:->>>obstructive sleep apnea
heart defects
kidney disease
medication or illegal drugs
adrenal or thyroid conditions
MOLECULES MOVE FROM HIGHER TO LOWER CONCENTRATIONS
ANSWER:->>>diffusion
a hole or tear in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) which separated the outer
ear from the middle ear, causes ear infection
ANSWER:->>>tympanic perforation
painful episode that occurs in sickle cell anemia when sickles red blood cells
block blood flow in small blood vessels causing severe pain, tissue damage and
organ complications
ANSWER:->>>vaso occlusive crisis
,In vaso-occlusive crisis the vessels become
occluded with _____________
ANSWER:->>>sickled red cells
vaso-occlusive crisis causes what in sickle cell anemia?
ANSWER:->>>ACIDOSIS AND DEHYDRATION
A 21-year-old man with a known history of sickle cell disease comes to the
clinic with severe generalized body pain, weakness, and dizziness. He recently
had several days of vomiting and diarrhea after a gastrointestinal illness and
reports he hasn’t been able to drink much water.On exam, he appears
dehydrated with dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, and mild hypotension.
He has tender long bones and joints, and mild jaundice is noted.
Question:What is the most likely diagnosis, and what is the pathophysiologic
mechanism linking dehydration to his current crisis and acidosis?
ANSWER:->>>Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) triggered/exacerbated by
dehydration
A 19-year-old African-American woman with a known history of sickle cell
disease presents to the emergency department with sudden, severe pain in her
lower back, chest, and both legs. She reports the pain started after a long day
, of physical activity and is worsening gradually. She also complains of fatigue
and mild shortness of breath, but has no fever or signs of infection.On physical
exam, she appears distressed and in pain, with tenderness in the long bones.
Her hands and feet are slightly swollen, and jaundice is noted in her sclera.
Question:
What is the most likely diagnosis, and what is the underlying pathophysiologic
mechanism causing her symptoms?
ANSWER:->>>Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) in sickle cell disease
hormonal system that regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte
homeostasis.
Maintains circulatory ability by controlling vasoconstriction and sodium
retention
renin angiotensin aldosterone system
1. Stimulus:
Low Blood Pressure:
(RAAS Pathway)
A drop in blood pressure or blood volume is sensed by the kidneys
**********************
Your kidneys freak out a little and go:
GUIDE |350+Qs&As|NEW UPDATE 2026-
2027|ALREADY GRADED A+
A 40-year-old woman presents several weeks after a tick bite with multiple
erythema migrans lesions on her trunk, intermittent fevers, fatigue, and new
onset of unilateral facial nerve palsy. She also reports palpitations and
dizziness. ECG shows varying degrees of atrioventricular (AV) block.
ANSWER:->>>Stage 2 Lyme disease
A 28-year-old woman presents with an exaggerated inward curvature of her
lumbar spine, complaining of lower back pain and difficulty maintaining
proper posture. On physical examination, there is an increased lumbar lordotic
curve with anterior pelvic tilt.
ANSWER:->>>lordosis
lo= lower
Curvature of the spine exceeding 65 degrees in what region of the spine can
lead to serious complications?
A 14-year-old adolescent girl is brought in for evaluation of an abnormal
curvature of the spine noted by her school nurse. On physical examination,
there is a lateral curvature of the thoracic spine with a visible rib hump on
forward bending (Adam's test). Neurological examination is normal.
,ANSWER:->>>scoliosis
Causes of secondary hypertension
ANSWER:->>>obstructive sleep apnea
heart defects
kidney disease
medication or illegal drugs
adrenal or thyroid conditions
MOLECULES MOVE FROM HIGHER TO LOWER CONCENTRATIONS
ANSWER:->>>diffusion
a hole or tear in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) which separated the outer
ear from the middle ear, causes ear infection
ANSWER:->>>tympanic perforation
painful episode that occurs in sickle cell anemia when sickles red blood cells
block blood flow in small blood vessels causing severe pain, tissue damage and
organ complications
ANSWER:->>>vaso occlusive crisis
,In vaso-occlusive crisis the vessels become
occluded with _____________
ANSWER:->>>sickled red cells
vaso-occlusive crisis causes what in sickle cell anemia?
ANSWER:->>>ACIDOSIS AND DEHYDRATION
A 21-year-old man with a known history of sickle cell disease comes to the
clinic with severe generalized body pain, weakness, and dizziness. He recently
had several days of vomiting and diarrhea after a gastrointestinal illness and
reports he hasn’t been able to drink much water.On exam, he appears
dehydrated with dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, and mild hypotension.
He has tender long bones and joints, and mild jaundice is noted.
Question:What is the most likely diagnosis, and what is the pathophysiologic
mechanism linking dehydration to his current crisis and acidosis?
ANSWER:->>>Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) triggered/exacerbated by
dehydration
A 19-year-old African-American woman with a known history of sickle cell
disease presents to the emergency department with sudden, severe pain in her
lower back, chest, and both legs. She reports the pain started after a long day
, of physical activity and is worsening gradually. She also complains of fatigue
and mild shortness of breath, but has no fever or signs of infection.On physical
exam, she appears distressed and in pain, with tenderness in the long bones.
Her hands and feet are slightly swollen, and jaundice is noted in her sclera.
Question:
What is the most likely diagnosis, and what is the underlying pathophysiologic
mechanism causing her symptoms?
ANSWER:->>>Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) in sickle cell disease
hormonal system that regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte
homeostasis.
Maintains circulatory ability by controlling vasoconstriction and sodium
retention
renin angiotensin aldosterone system
1. Stimulus:
Low Blood Pressure:
(RAAS Pathway)
A drop in blood pressure or blood volume is sensed by the kidneys
**********************
Your kidneys freak out a little and go:
