NUR 242 EXAM 2 | QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | 100%
CORRECT
Hyponatremia assessment - ANSWER>•Assess level of consciousness, (change in neuro function may be first
symptom from cerebral edema) for HA, Confusion, and irritability
Hypernatremia interventions - ANSWER>•Monitor electrolytes
•Determine underlying cause
Administer oral or IV hypotonic or isotonic fluids
Limit sodium intake
Diuretic to pull off sodium
Hyponatremia interventions - ANSWER>•Fluid restriction
•Replace hyponatremia r/t fluid loss, with sodium containing fluid
•Administer small volumes of hypertonic solution titrated to serum osmolality and sodium level if seizure develop
•Monitor sodium levels
,hyper/hyponatremia complications - ANSWER>•Seizure
•Coma
•Neurological damage/coma
Hyper/hyponatremia medications - ANSWER>Hydrochlorothiazide diuretics (HCTZ)
•Pull off excess fluids and Na+
•Used with diabetes insipidus
Causes of hypercalcemia - ANSWER>•increased intake of calcium, antacids, thiazide, glucocorticoids, kidney
disease, immobilization, calcium and vitamin D overdose, acidosis, milk alkali syndrome, bone metastasis,
hyperparathyroidism
Causes of hypocalcemia - ANSWER>low calcium intake, lactose intolerance, Malabsorption syndrome (crohn's
disease) End stage kidney disease, diarrhea, wound drainage (especially GI)
Calcium - ANSWER>9-10.5
, S/S of hypocalcemia - ANSWER>•Vital signs: SB, low hypotension, weak pulses
•Assess for tetany, Chvostek sign, trousseau sign, laryngeal stridor, dysphagia, fatigue, anxiety, depression,
hyperreflexia, muscle spasm numbness, tingling of extremities and around mouth
S/S of hypercalcemia - ANSWER>•Vital sign, ST, HTN, bounding pulses
•Assess for lethargy, weakness, confusion, decreased reflexes, N/V, bone pain, fractures, polyuria, kidney stone
Hypercalcemia ECG changes - ANSWER>short ST segment wide T wave
Hypocalcemia ECG changes - ANSWER>prolonged ST segment, prolonged QT segment
Hypercalcemia interventions - ANSWER>•Determine and manage underlying causes
•High calcium level may be associated with renal lithiasis; strain urine and assess for kidney /flank pain
•High Ca+ may exacerbate digoxin toxicity
•Diuretic
•Cardiac monitoring
•Hydrate with isotonic saline /oral hydration or 3000 to 4000 mL/day
ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | 100%
CORRECT
Hyponatremia assessment - ANSWER>•Assess level of consciousness, (change in neuro function may be first
symptom from cerebral edema) for HA, Confusion, and irritability
Hypernatremia interventions - ANSWER>•Monitor electrolytes
•Determine underlying cause
Administer oral or IV hypotonic or isotonic fluids
Limit sodium intake
Diuretic to pull off sodium
Hyponatremia interventions - ANSWER>•Fluid restriction
•Replace hyponatremia r/t fluid loss, with sodium containing fluid
•Administer small volumes of hypertonic solution titrated to serum osmolality and sodium level if seizure develop
•Monitor sodium levels
,hyper/hyponatremia complications - ANSWER>•Seizure
•Coma
•Neurological damage/coma
Hyper/hyponatremia medications - ANSWER>Hydrochlorothiazide diuretics (HCTZ)
•Pull off excess fluids and Na+
•Used with diabetes insipidus
Causes of hypercalcemia - ANSWER>•increased intake of calcium, antacids, thiazide, glucocorticoids, kidney
disease, immobilization, calcium and vitamin D overdose, acidosis, milk alkali syndrome, bone metastasis,
hyperparathyroidism
Causes of hypocalcemia - ANSWER>low calcium intake, lactose intolerance, Malabsorption syndrome (crohn's
disease) End stage kidney disease, diarrhea, wound drainage (especially GI)
Calcium - ANSWER>9-10.5
, S/S of hypocalcemia - ANSWER>•Vital signs: SB, low hypotension, weak pulses
•Assess for tetany, Chvostek sign, trousseau sign, laryngeal stridor, dysphagia, fatigue, anxiety, depression,
hyperreflexia, muscle spasm numbness, tingling of extremities and around mouth
S/S of hypercalcemia - ANSWER>•Vital sign, ST, HTN, bounding pulses
•Assess for lethargy, weakness, confusion, decreased reflexes, N/V, bone pain, fractures, polyuria, kidney stone
Hypercalcemia ECG changes - ANSWER>short ST segment wide T wave
Hypocalcemia ECG changes - ANSWER>prolonged ST segment, prolonged QT segment
Hypercalcemia interventions - ANSWER>•Determine and manage underlying causes
•High calcium level may be associated with renal lithiasis; strain urine and assess for kidney /flank pain
•High Ca+ may exacerbate digoxin toxicity
•Diuretic
•Cardiac monitoring
•Hydrate with isotonic saline /oral hydration or 3000 to 4000 mL/day
