Summary Unit 3.1.3 - Bonding

3. 1.3.1 .
IONIC BONDING

ionic
bonding involves electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged (in lattice)
=

ions a




oh:¥a¥ III
" "


Group I II IT I II III. VIII
polyatomic ions:

150nF
-



"

outer e- 1 2 varies
3 h 5 6 7 8 sulphate carbonate 110,1
"" "
"" gain gain gain
YE ✗ 101-11 INHult
lose / gain le
-



Ze
-

lose varies size
-




ie
-


✗
hydroxide "
ammonium

I +2 variable 1-3 ✗ -3 I I ✗ nitrate / NO )
charge
1- 1- -
-




,




EG : Kt a-
Nat a-
properties of 1. B. : •

high MPTEIBPT onanist


↳
charge density charge strong bonding i. lots of bonds lattice higher MPT , smaller ,
stronger i. bonds
•
in
-

-




,
surf area
COMPARING IONIC force of attraction determined lHAR6E & IONIC RADIUS
.




SUBSTANCES
by
•
:




( small
, highly charged
=

stronger ionic bonds than larger less charged )

ionic compounds & conductivity

}
in order to conduct
+ t
solid lattice the not free to
-




in a ions are move


1. There must be
charged particles
- t -


i. ionic solids poor conductors
are

1. They be
freely moving liquid / aqueous state the ions
+

must
+
in a are
-




freely moving i. GOOD CONDUCTORS



3.1.3.2 . COVALENT BONDING
shared between 1 atoms
pair of electrons
=




Iron metal + non -
metal)
CO ORDINATE -


(DATIVE) COVALENT BOND eg .
: NH, t 1-It >
NHI
dative covalent
pair of e- shared between 2 atoms fit
=
✗✗

, Cbotn e- from Nl
µ , µ ×



IY
. µ
Ht
¥ if
"
with both e-
- -




supplied by atom + >
*
one ;
-
+ +,
H
H covalent
1- Ill + Ci >
Alai
¥
,
3. 1.3.3 .
METALLIC BONDING
i'
involves attraction between delocalised e- Al
:( 1°
=

t
a- Aly,
,


and a- a'
'

positive ions
arranged in lattice a



- -
'
>

high MPT , BPT
metal lattice factors
affecting strength good conductors ( SOLID !)
-




Mg
it a-
-




: it >
.

"
-



,




kationic radius
bigger weaker Mtonds good conductors ( LIQUID)
it
-




it it • -
-
-
>
.




"




it
,
,




kationic charge strong malleable
a- it - •
- >
.
.




,


> insoluble in polar / non-polar
soluble liquid metals
>
in

, 3. 1. 3.h .
BONDING AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
IONIC STRUCTURE

constituent particles ions :




type of substance loom pound metallinen metal compound BONDING ;
large difference
: -


; IONIC in
eheetnronggmatniyinty between molecules
volatile
volatility :
non -




• ⑥ ⑧
BPTEIMPT I
high strong forces of attraction between ions (electrostatic)
OF ↳
-
-




-
Oo
⑧ Nat

&
qfFFTq.FM
,


malleability :
hard brittle
⑧
⑧ a




conductors
conductivity : solid non
-
-
-




molten / aqueous solution conductors ( charged mobile ELECTROLYTES
ions the charge)
-

i can carry
-
=




solubility : in polar solvents i V

in non polar solvents X
=
-




METALLIC STRUCTURE

constituent particles atoms :




type of substance loom pound metal element with low attraction between delocalised e- and positive
electronegativity
-

:




volatility :
non -
volatile ions arranged in lattice
HIGH BPTEIMPT
regular arrangement i strong forces
holding particles together METALLIC BONDS
=
-




malleability :
hard , yet malleable oooo
oooo oooo
Bella
Mgk
conductivity good conductors 41414 mobile ; have ddocalisede
'



: → ooo ooo ooo ooo
ooo

polar & non polar
ooo

solubility :
insoluble = -
solvents ooo ooo ooo ooo
magnesium
soluble =
liquid metals ooo ooo ooo ooo




÷ ÷ ÷ t÷ ÷ ÷ ¥!÷ :÷÷÷÷÷
DIAMOND
MACROMOLECULAR / GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURE
.
"
! :
f
. .


constituent %: . . .



particles atom
. . .
: . .
. . -




÷
. .




t.eoesosstan.am pound :
non metal morons # oritswmpoma
aol.q.t.IE#
-




lots of
strong COVALENT
.

BONDS ,
. .
. •
-
. .
.


volatile
volatility
. .

:
non -




very HIGH BPTEIMPT large amounts of energy to overcome lots of
strong covalent bonds
-




malleability :
very hard and brittle
conductors
conductivity : non -




graphite freely moving delocalised between
-




has e layers i GOOD conductor
-



.



,

diamond freely moving delocalised conductor
-



-
wa e : non
i
-




solubility :
insoluble in all solvents