N212 Pathophysiology — Exam 1
N212 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 | VERIFIED EXAM QUESTIONS AND
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS - LATEST VERSION 2026/2027 (PASS
GUARANTEE)
1. A 45-year-old man has been experiencing chronic hypertension. On echocardiogram,
the left ventricular wall is thickened. Which cellular adaptation best explains this finding?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
2. A biopsy from a patient who smoked for 30 years shows the normal ciliated columnar
epithelium of the bronchi has been replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. This
change is best described as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Neoplasia
3. Which of the following is the MOST common cause of cellular injury?
A. Radiation
B. Hypoxia
C. Chemical toxins
D. Immune mechanisms
4. During reversible cell injury, the earliest change observed under electron microscopy
is:
A. Nuclear chromatin clumping
B. Cell membrane rupture
C. Mitochondrial swelling
D. Lysosomal rupture
5. A patient suffers a myocardial infarction. Which enzyme is MOST specific for
myocardial damage and peaks at 24 hours?
A. AST
B. LDH
C. Troponin I
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, N212 Pathophysiology — Exam 1
D. CK-MB
6. Free radical injury to cells is primarily caused by:
A. Excess glucose
B. Unpaired electrons reacting with lipids, proteins, and DNA
C. Decreased intracellular calcium
D. Mitochondrial ATP overproduction
7. Which of the following is an example of pathological atrophy?
A. Uterine shrinkage after delivery
B. Thymus involution with age
C. Muscle wasting due to denervation
D. Physiological decrease of organ during fasting
8. Cellular swelling (hydropic change) occurs because of failure of which pump?
A. Calcium-ATPase
B. Sodium-potassium ATPase
C. Hydrogen ion pump
D. Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger
9. A pathologist observes a dead cell with a ghost-like outline, preserved cellular
architecture, and loss of nuclear staining. This pattern of cell death is called:
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
10. Liquefactive necrosis is characteristically seen in:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Tuberculosis
C. Brain infarction
D. Enzymatic fat necrosis
11. Which of the following is the FIRST cell to arrive at a site of acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Macrophage
C. Neutrophil
D. Eosinophil
12. The hallmark of chronic inflammation as distinguished from acute inflammation is
the presence of:
A. Neutrophils
B. Edema
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, N212 Pathophysiology — Exam 1
C. Mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, macrophages)
D. Fibrin exudate
13. A 35-year-old woman presents with redness, heat, swelling, and pain in her right
knee. These are the cardinal signs of inflammation first described by:
A. Virchow
B. Celsus
C. Pasteur
D. Koch
14. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for fever during inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Bradykinin
C. Prostaglandin E2
D. Leukotriene B4
15. The process by which neutrophils migrate through vessel walls toward the site of
injury is called:
A. Opsonization
B. Diapedesis
C. Margination
D. Phagocytosis
16. Which complement protein is considered the most important opsonin?
A. C1q
B. C3b
C. C5a
D. MAC (C5-C9)
17. A 28-year-old male develops a wound infection. The wound contains a large amount
of dead neutrophils and liquefied necrotic tissue. This collection is best described as:
A. Granuloma
B. Abscess
C. Fibrinous exudate
D. Serous exudate
18. Histamine is stored in and released from:
A. Neutrophils and platelets
B. Mast cells and basophils
C. Macrophages and monocytes
D. Natural killer cells
19. During acute inflammation, increased vascular permeability is initially caused
primarily by:
Page 3 of 30
N212 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 | VERIFIED EXAM QUESTIONS AND
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS - LATEST VERSION 2026/2027 (PASS
GUARANTEE)
1. A 45-year-old man has been experiencing chronic hypertension. On echocardiogram,
the left ventricular wall is thickened. Which cellular adaptation best explains this finding?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
2. A biopsy from a patient who smoked for 30 years shows the normal ciliated columnar
epithelium of the bronchi has been replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. This
change is best described as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Neoplasia
3. Which of the following is the MOST common cause of cellular injury?
A. Radiation
B. Hypoxia
C. Chemical toxins
D. Immune mechanisms
4. During reversible cell injury, the earliest change observed under electron microscopy
is:
A. Nuclear chromatin clumping
B. Cell membrane rupture
C. Mitochondrial swelling
D. Lysosomal rupture
5. A patient suffers a myocardial infarction. Which enzyme is MOST specific for
myocardial damage and peaks at 24 hours?
A. AST
B. LDH
C. Troponin I
Page 1 of 30
, N212 Pathophysiology — Exam 1
D. CK-MB
6. Free radical injury to cells is primarily caused by:
A. Excess glucose
B. Unpaired electrons reacting with lipids, proteins, and DNA
C. Decreased intracellular calcium
D. Mitochondrial ATP overproduction
7. Which of the following is an example of pathological atrophy?
A. Uterine shrinkage after delivery
B. Thymus involution with age
C. Muscle wasting due to denervation
D. Physiological decrease of organ during fasting
8. Cellular swelling (hydropic change) occurs because of failure of which pump?
A. Calcium-ATPase
B. Sodium-potassium ATPase
C. Hydrogen ion pump
D. Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger
9. A pathologist observes a dead cell with a ghost-like outline, preserved cellular
architecture, and loss of nuclear staining. This pattern of cell death is called:
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
10. Liquefactive necrosis is characteristically seen in:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Tuberculosis
C. Brain infarction
D. Enzymatic fat necrosis
11. Which of the following is the FIRST cell to arrive at a site of acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Macrophage
C. Neutrophil
D. Eosinophil
12. The hallmark of chronic inflammation as distinguished from acute inflammation is
the presence of:
A. Neutrophils
B. Edema
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, N212 Pathophysiology — Exam 1
C. Mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, macrophages)
D. Fibrin exudate
13. A 35-year-old woman presents with redness, heat, swelling, and pain in her right
knee. These are the cardinal signs of inflammation first described by:
A. Virchow
B. Celsus
C. Pasteur
D. Koch
14. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for fever during inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Bradykinin
C. Prostaglandin E2
D. Leukotriene B4
15. The process by which neutrophils migrate through vessel walls toward the site of
injury is called:
A. Opsonization
B. Diapedesis
C. Margination
D. Phagocytosis
16. Which complement protein is considered the most important opsonin?
A. C1q
B. C3b
C. C5a
D. MAC (C5-C9)
17. A 28-year-old male develops a wound infection. The wound contains a large amount
of dead neutrophils and liquefied necrotic tissue. This collection is best described as:
A. Granuloma
B. Abscess
C. Fibrinous exudate
D. Serous exudate
18. Histamine is stored in and released from:
A. Neutrophils and platelets
B. Mast cells and basophils
C. Macrophages and monocytes
D. Natural killer cells
19. During acute inflammation, increased vascular permeability is initially caused
primarily by:
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