Physiology (Vander) Exam 1 Chapters
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What is physiology? - correct ans:the study of function of the body - how the body parts work and carry
out their life sustaining activities
, Pathophysiology - correct ans:The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease,
how physiology went wrong. When homeostasis is not maintained
Cell differentiation - correct ans:the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure
or function.
Four categories of cells/tissues - correct ans:Muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), neurons,
epithelial cells, and connective tissue cells. Correspondingly, four types of tissues: muscle, nervous,
epithelial, and connective tissue. Tissue is an aggregate of a single type of specialized cell
Muscle cells/tissues - correct ans:Specialized to generate mechanical force. Skeletal is attached to bones
and skin, contraction is voluntary. Cardiac is only in the heart, involuntary contraction. Smooth
surrounds many tubes in the body: blood vessels, gastrointestinal tubes, and contraction shortens the
length and decreases the diameter; involuntary.
Neurons/nervous tissue - correct ans:Neurons initiate, integrate, and carry electrical signals to other
cells
Cellular extensions from many neurons can be packaged with connective tissue to form a nerve
Comprised of dendrites, cell body and axon
Epithelial tissue - correct ans:Specialized for selective secretion and absorption of ions/organic
molecules and protection. Types: cuboidal (cube shaped), columnar (elongated), squamous (flattened),
ciliated. When layered it is called stratified. They sit on an extracellular protein layer (basement
membrane, the basolateral side). The side that faces the lumen is the apical side. Held together by tight
and gap junctions.
Connective tissue - correct ans:Tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts.
Loose connective tissue is in the meshwork of cells and fibers under most epithelial layers. Dense
connective tissue makes up tendons and ligaments. Other types make bones, cartilage, and adipose.
Blood is fluid connective tissue. It makes up the ECM, or extracellular matrix, around cells, interspersed
with extracellular fluid. ECM is a scaffold and transmits chemical messengers to cells. Proteins in ECM
are fibers: collagen and elastin, filled with carb-containing proteins
1-5 Study LATEST VERIFIED VERSION
OF {2026-2027} EXAM With Expected
real and comprehensive Questions
With Well Elaborated Correct Answers
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
Proctored Exam Assistance
Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
Exam Preparation & Study Materials
Assignments and Coursework Support
Essays and Research Papers
Discussion Posts and Replies
What is physiology? - correct ans:the study of function of the body - how the body parts work and carry
out their life sustaining activities
, Pathophysiology - correct ans:The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease,
how physiology went wrong. When homeostasis is not maintained
Cell differentiation - correct ans:the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure
or function.
Four categories of cells/tissues - correct ans:Muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), neurons,
epithelial cells, and connective tissue cells. Correspondingly, four types of tissues: muscle, nervous,
epithelial, and connective tissue. Tissue is an aggregate of a single type of specialized cell
Muscle cells/tissues - correct ans:Specialized to generate mechanical force. Skeletal is attached to bones
and skin, contraction is voluntary. Cardiac is only in the heart, involuntary contraction. Smooth
surrounds many tubes in the body: blood vessels, gastrointestinal tubes, and contraction shortens the
length and decreases the diameter; involuntary.
Neurons/nervous tissue - correct ans:Neurons initiate, integrate, and carry electrical signals to other
cells
Cellular extensions from many neurons can be packaged with connective tissue to form a nerve
Comprised of dendrites, cell body and axon
Epithelial tissue - correct ans:Specialized for selective secretion and absorption of ions/organic
molecules and protection. Types: cuboidal (cube shaped), columnar (elongated), squamous (flattened),
ciliated. When layered it is called stratified. They sit on an extracellular protein layer (basement
membrane, the basolateral side). The side that faces the lumen is the apical side. Held together by tight
and gap junctions.
Connective tissue - correct ans:Tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts.
Loose connective tissue is in the meshwork of cells and fibers under most epithelial layers. Dense
connective tissue makes up tendons and ligaments. Other types make bones, cartilage, and adipose.
Blood is fluid connective tissue. It makes up the ECM, or extracellular matrix, around cells, interspersed
with extracellular fluid. ECM is a scaffold and transmits chemical messengers to cells. Proteins in ECM
are fibers: collagen and elastin, filled with carb-containing proteins
