Bio 143 Final Review
Why do scientists make observations? - ANS-To increase knowledge
What is a deduction? - ANS-The inference of particular instances by reference to a
general law or principle.
What is a premise? - ANS-A previous statement/proposition from which another is
inferred or follows as a conclusion. "if the premise is true, then the conclusion must be
true"
What are the 2 requirements for hypothesis? - ANS-Testable and falsifiable
Which part of an atom determines the reactivity or bond formation? - ANS-Electrons
What is a non polar covalent bond? - ANS-The even sharing of electrons between
atoms
What is a polar covalent bond? - ANS-The uneven sharing of electrons between atoms
What is an ionic bond? - ANS-A bond that's formed when an atom transfers electrons to
another atom
What is the function of the R group/side chain? - ANS-Confers unique properties on
each amino acid based upon structure and characteristics. EX: charge, polarity etc.
How many different standard amino acids are present in our bodies? - ANS-20
Is a non polar molecule hydrophobic or hydrophilic? - ANS-Hydrophobic
How many amino acids in a peptide? - ANS-Less than 50
What are some functions of proteins? - ANS-Defense, signaling, and structure
What is the function of a chaperonin protein? - ANS-It provides a space for proteins to
fold properly.
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - ANS-Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and
Quaternary.
, How can a change in the amino acid sequence affect structure & function of a protein? -
ANS-A change in the amino acid often alters the structure and therefore the function,
because it takes on a different shape & different reactivity
What are the 3 methods used to determine 3D protein structure? - ANS-X ray
crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and modeling using bioinformatic software
What is the function of nucleic acids? - ANS-Information storage and transmission
How does X-ray crystallography allow for determination of 3D molecular shape? -
ANS-The x-ray diffracts through the crystal creating a pattern that can be analyzed.
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? - ANS-Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
What are purines? - ANS-Purines (adenine & guanine) are two-carbon nitrogen ring
bases.
What are pyrimidines? - ANS-Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine & uracil) are one-carbon
nitrogen ring bases.
What are 2 differences between DNA and RNA? - ANS-1. Uracil is in place of thymine in
RNA. 2. DNA is double stranded, RNA usually single stranded.
What is a region/segment of DNA within a chromosome that carries information to make
proteins? - ANS-Gene
Typically, how many proteins does 1 gene code for? - ANS-1 protein
What is the name of covalent bonds between adjacent nucleotides? -
ANS-Phosphodiester bonds
Which pyrimidines does the purine adenine pair with? - ANS-Thymine (within DNA) or
Uracil (within RNA)
What pyrimidine does the purine guanine pair with? - ANS-Cytosine
Why was genetic information encoded in chromosomes originally thought to be protein,
not DNA? - ANS-Tremendous diversity in proteins (20 amino acids). Only 4 different
nucleotides in DNA
Why do scientists make observations? - ANS-To increase knowledge
What is a deduction? - ANS-The inference of particular instances by reference to a
general law or principle.
What is a premise? - ANS-A previous statement/proposition from which another is
inferred or follows as a conclusion. "if the premise is true, then the conclusion must be
true"
What are the 2 requirements for hypothesis? - ANS-Testable and falsifiable
Which part of an atom determines the reactivity or bond formation? - ANS-Electrons
What is a non polar covalent bond? - ANS-The even sharing of electrons between
atoms
What is a polar covalent bond? - ANS-The uneven sharing of electrons between atoms
What is an ionic bond? - ANS-A bond that's formed when an atom transfers electrons to
another atom
What is the function of the R group/side chain? - ANS-Confers unique properties on
each amino acid based upon structure and characteristics. EX: charge, polarity etc.
How many different standard amino acids are present in our bodies? - ANS-20
Is a non polar molecule hydrophobic or hydrophilic? - ANS-Hydrophobic
How many amino acids in a peptide? - ANS-Less than 50
What are some functions of proteins? - ANS-Defense, signaling, and structure
What is the function of a chaperonin protein? - ANS-It provides a space for proteins to
fold properly.
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - ANS-Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and
Quaternary.
, How can a change in the amino acid sequence affect structure & function of a protein? -
ANS-A change in the amino acid often alters the structure and therefore the function,
because it takes on a different shape & different reactivity
What are the 3 methods used to determine 3D protein structure? - ANS-X ray
crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and modeling using bioinformatic software
What is the function of nucleic acids? - ANS-Information storage and transmission
How does X-ray crystallography allow for determination of 3D molecular shape? -
ANS-The x-ray diffracts through the crystal creating a pattern that can be analyzed.
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? - ANS-Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
What are purines? - ANS-Purines (adenine & guanine) are two-carbon nitrogen ring
bases.
What are pyrimidines? - ANS-Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine & uracil) are one-carbon
nitrogen ring bases.
What are 2 differences between DNA and RNA? - ANS-1. Uracil is in place of thymine in
RNA. 2. DNA is double stranded, RNA usually single stranded.
What is a region/segment of DNA within a chromosome that carries information to make
proteins? - ANS-Gene
Typically, how many proteins does 1 gene code for? - ANS-1 protein
What is the name of covalent bonds between adjacent nucleotides? -
ANS-Phosphodiester bonds
Which pyrimidines does the purine adenine pair with? - ANS-Thymine (within DNA) or
Uracil (within RNA)
What pyrimidine does the purine guanine pair with? - ANS-Cytosine
Why was genetic information encoded in chromosomes originally thought to be protein,
not DNA? - ANS-Tremendous diversity in proteins (20 amino acids). Only 4 different
nucleotides in DNA
