NSG 318 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2026

NSG 318 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2026 pharmacology - Answers study of drugs drug - Answers Chemical that affects physiologic process of a living organism Nursing Implications - Answers The concepts that a nurse must include when they are safely administering medication Identify the various routes of medication administration - Answers Sublingual (buccal), oral, transdermal (topical creams/ lotions), instillation (eye drops/sprays), inhalation, nasogastric and gastrostomy tubes, suppositories, parenteral 6 rights of administration - Answers 1. Right patient 2. Right drug 3. Right dose 4. Right route 5. Right time and frequency 6. Right documentation List the components of a drug label - Answers Chemical Name: structure of the drug Generic name: the official drug name Brand/ trade name: the easier proprietary name Active and inactive ingredients Warning/ possible side effects Directions on use as well as what the drug is used for/ what it helps treat normal vital signs (BP) - Answers 120/80 Pharmacokinetics - Answers what the body does to the drug pharmacokinetic phases - Answers -absorption (drug movement from GI tract into bloodstream) -distribution (protein binding, free drugs, BBB) -metabolism (1/2 life, loading dose; liver) -excretion (elimination, kidneys, creatinine clearance, BUN, GFR factors that affect drug excretion - Answers -drugs that affect renal excretion/decrease CO -diuretic use -drugs that use same excretion method -change of urine pH -pt. with decreased renal or hepatic function 1/2 life (T 1/2) - Answers Time it takes to get rid of half of the drug; gives us good time to administer rest of the dose and when we can expect to see side effects Loading dose - Answers use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner photosensitivity - Answers - sensitivity to light - ranges from the ability to orient to the sun to the ability to see factors affecting absorption - Answers Blood circulation Pain, stress Food texture, fat content, temperature pH Route of administration factors affecting bioavailability - Answers Drug form Route of administration (IV is best) Gastric mucosa and motility Administration with food and other drugs Changes in liver metabolism what can affect absorption - Answers Blood circulation, pain, stress, pH, administration route, and food texture, fat content, and temperature What is bioavailability? - Answers The percentage of administered drug available for activity. what can affect bioavailability - Answers The form of the drug, route of administration, gastric mucosa and motility, administration with food and other drugs, and changes in liver metabolism affect it. what metabolizes drugs - Answers liver what excretes drugs - Answers kidneys what impacts drug excretion - Answers drugs that affect renal excretion, drugs that decrease cardiac output, diuretics, drugs that compete, urine pH, and decreased renal/ hepatic function pharmacodynamics - Answers what the drug does to the body pharmacodynamics phases - Answers receptor binding, postreceptor effects, chemical reaction primary response - Answers desirable response secondary response - Answers desirable or undesirable response potency - Answers amount of drug needed to get a response most of the time therapeutic index - Answers relationship between therapeutic and toxic dose onset - Answers Time it takes drug to reach minimum effective concentration peak - Answers highest concentration in blood trough - Answers point of lowest concentration of the drug (drawn before next dose is to be administered) duration - Answers length of time taken for the drug to exert a therapeutic affect non-specific receptors - Answers affect multiple sites (if one is targeted all will be targeted) non-selective receptors - Answers affect multiple receptors (beta, alpha, etc.) Antagonist - Answers Prevent receptor activation (blocks the response); one drug blocks/reduces effects of other drug agonist - Answers Activate receptors to produce a desired response additive - Answers Sum of effects of two drugs synergistic - Answers Effect is much greater than effects of drugs alone pharmacogenetics - Answers Genetic understanding of how drugs may impact one person differently than someone else side effects - Answers desirable or undesirable; secondary drug effects placebo effect - Answers drug response not attributed to chemical drug properties toxic - Answers drug level exceeds therapeutic range what is the fastest therapeutic route for meds - Answers IV normal lab values- electrolytes (K) - Answers 3.5-5.0mEq/L normal lab values- electrolytes (Na) - Answers 136-145mEq/L normal lab values- chemistry (BUN) - Answers 10-20mg/dL normal lab values- chemistry (serum creatinine) - Answers 0.5-1.3mg/DI normal lab values- chemistry (ALP) - Answers 30-120 units/L normal lab values- chemistry (ALT) - Answers 4-36 units/L normal lab values- chemistry (AST) - Answers 0-35 units/L how many times should you read the drug label - Answers 3 times competencies - Answers patient-family-centered care, collaboration and teamwork, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics reporting med errors - Answers Make sure the client is safe Notify your immediate supervisor Check for adverse drug reporting Identify your responsibility for external reporting U.S. Pharmacopeia Medication Errors Reporting Program just culture - Answers encourages individuals to report drug errors with the goal to repair the system. Identify key ethical concepts for pharmacotherapy. - Answers -informed consent: pt has right to be informed; voluntary participation -autonomy: right to self-determination -beneficence: protecting the client from harm -justice: selection of research subjects is fair -respect for persons: -ethical rights: right assessment, pt right to education, right evaluation, pt right to refuse Tuskegee Experiment - Answers without consent, African American men were exposed to syphilis which exposed their wives who gave birth to infants with defects; no informed consent was given Nuremberg Trials - Answers after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity; Allowed the right to be informed and that participation is voluntary Thalidomide - Answers European patients who took thalidomide during the first trimester of pregnancy to help their nausea, gave birth to infants with extreme limb deformities FDA acts related to meds - Answers FDA requires clinical research to follow the Good Clinical Practice Consolidated Guideline giving a quality standard. Preclinical trials in animals are required to determine a drug's toxicity and pharmacologic effect before clinical research in humans in implemented. 4 phases of clinical trials - Answers 1. small group to evaluate safety (safe dose range and identify side effects) 2. larger group to see if it's effective and safe