CISSN UPDATED FINAL EXAM ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What is glycemic index? - ✔✔glycemic index is a ranking system that is used to
compare the acute glycemic impact of foods. 2 hour glucose response curve is
compared with 50 g of CHO of reference food
✔✔Which AA is considered to be the most naturally abundant in plasma and skeletal
muscle? - ✔✔glutamine
✔✔What does glutamine do? - ✔✔-catabolic states of injury and illness, glutamine
becomes CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL (requiring intake from food or supplements)
- glutamine has been studied extensively over the past 10-15 years and has been
shown to be useful in treatment of injuries, trauma, burns, and treatment-related side
effects of cancer as well as in wound-healing for post-operative patients
-results demonstrate that AG supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit
by increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect
was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
✔✔What nutrients improve or support immune system function? - ✔✔-glutamine
-protein
-vitamin C
-zinc
,-echinacea
✔✔What does glutamine do to enhance or support immune system function? - ✔✔-
enhancement of protein and glycogen synthesis
-below normal glutamine levels can contribute to immune suppression in overtrained
athletes and exercise participants
✔✔What does vitamin C do to improve or support immune system function? - ✔✔-
antioxidant
-assists in iron absorption
-increased vitamin C supplementation positively associated with neutrophils and
lymphocytes and immune status
✔✔What does zinc do to improve or support immune system function? - ✔✔-constituent
of digestive enzymes
-enhances immune status
✔✔What does echinacea do to improve or support immune system function? -
✔✔enhance immune status
✔✔What is the thermic effect of fat? - ✔✔2-3% (almost negligible)
✔✔What is the thermic effect of protein? - ✔✔25-35%
✔✔What is the thermic effect of carbohydrate? - ✔✔6-8%
✔✔What is the relationship of anabolic steroid use to plasma lipids? - ✔✔DECREASE
in HDL lipoproteins at high levels of dosage
✔✔Type I muscle fibers - ✔✔slow twitch, small MN, high FR, aerobic, VERY high MCD,
high oxidative capacity, low glycolytic capacity, triglyceride fuel source, consume lactic
acid
✔✔Type IIa fibers - ✔✔moderately fast twitch, medium MN, fairly high FR, long-term
anaerobic, medium power, high MCD, high oxidative and glycolytic capacity, CP and
glycogen fuel, produce lactic acid and CP
✔✔Type IIx fibers - ✔✔fast twitch, large MN, intermediate FR, short-term anaerobic,
high power, medium MCD, inter OC, high GC, ATP CP and little glycogen fuel
consume CP
✔✔What is lactic acid? - ✔✔product of fast anaerobic glycolysis
, ✔✔What effect does lactic acid have on energy metabolism and exercise performance?
- ✔✔decreases pH, energy metabolism, and exercise performance
✔✔The process of splitting triglycerides is known as what? - ✔✔lipolysis
✔✔What organs is/are involved in nitrogen elimination? - ✔✔liver and kidneys
✔✔How is the liver involved in nitrogen elimination? - ✔✔main metabolic organ utilizing
amino acids for tissue protein synthesis, heme formation, pyrimidine and purine
synthesis (nucleotide precursors), ketone body and carbohydrate formation, de novo
synthesis of non-essential amino acids, and finally excrete surplus nitrogen via the urea
cycle
gatekeeper of nitrogen balance in animals, intake and excretion
✔✔How are the kidneys involved in nitrogen elimination? - ✔✔Kidney controls the
process in which nitrogen is excreted as ammonium. Used to control the blood plasma
pH. The blood plasma pH is determined by other actors as well, like organic acids
(amino acids) and carbonic acid (CO2). Ammonium metabolism in kidney functions to
depose hydrogen ions in urine.
In a first reaction, kidney enzymes deaminate glutamine in two steps. The first side
chain deamination is catalyzed as simple hydrolysis and is NOT REVERSIBLE
✔✔During which process to amino acids lose their amine or nitrogen group? -
✔✔transanimation or oxidative deamination
-TA occurs when the amino group is transferred to a carbon skeleton forming a new
amino acid
-ODA amino group is removed, converted to ammonia and urea in the liver and
subsequently removed by the kidneys and sweat glands
✔✔Where do transanimation and oxidative deamination occur? - ✔✔-ODA occurs
primarily on glutamic acid because glutamic acid was the end product of many
transanimation reactions
-glutamate dehydrogenase is allosterically controlled by ATP and ADP. ATP acts as an
INHIBITOR and ADP is an ACTIVATOR
✔✔What are the metabolic pathways of glucose after absorption by the small intestine?
- ✔✔-there are several metabolic pathways for CHO, which include glycogenesis,
glycolysis, hexosemonophosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and gluconeogenesis
-(1) glucose is in part deposited in the liver and muscle in the form of glycogen. This
glycogen serves as the body's CHO reserve; (2) part of glucose serves for the synthesis
of other substances (glycoproteins, glucolipids) (3) a part of glucose enters the cells,
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What is glycemic index? - ✔✔glycemic index is a ranking system that is used to
compare the acute glycemic impact of foods. 2 hour glucose response curve is
compared with 50 g of CHO of reference food
✔✔Which AA is considered to be the most naturally abundant in plasma and skeletal
muscle? - ✔✔glutamine
✔✔What does glutamine do? - ✔✔-catabolic states of injury and illness, glutamine
becomes CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL (requiring intake from food or supplements)
- glutamine has been studied extensively over the past 10-15 years and has been
shown to be useful in treatment of injuries, trauma, burns, and treatment-related side
effects of cancer as well as in wound-healing for post-operative patients
-results demonstrate that AG supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit
by increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect
was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
✔✔What nutrients improve or support immune system function? - ✔✔-glutamine
-protein
-vitamin C
-zinc
,-echinacea
✔✔What does glutamine do to enhance or support immune system function? - ✔✔-
enhancement of protein and glycogen synthesis
-below normal glutamine levels can contribute to immune suppression in overtrained
athletes and exercise participants
✔✔What does vitamin C do to improve or support immune system function? - ✔✔-
antioxidant
-assists in iron absorption
-increased vitamin C supplementation positively associated with neutrophils and
lymphocytes and immune status
✔✔What does zinc do to improve or support immune system function? - ✔✔-constituent
of digestive enzymes
-enhances immune status
✔✔What does echinacea do to improve or support immune system function? -
✔✔enhance immune status
✔✔What is the thermic effect of fat? - ✔✔2-3% (almost negligible)
✔✔What is the thermic effect of protein? - ✔✔25-35%
✔✔What is the thermic effect of carbohydrate? - ✔✔6-8%
✔✔What is the relationship of anabolic steroid use to plasma lipids? - ✔✔DECREASE
in HDL lipoproteins at high levels of dosage
✔✔Type I muscle fibers - ✔✔slow twitch, small MN, high FR, aerobic, VERY high MCD,
high oxidative capacity, low glycolytic capacity, triglyceride fuel source, consume lactic
acid
✔✔Type IIa fibers - ✔✔moderately fast twitch, medium MN, fairly high FR, long-term
anaerobic, medium power, high MCD, high oxidative and glycolytic capacity, CP and
glycogen fuel, produce lactic acid and CP
✔✔Type IIx fibers - ✔✔fast twitch, large MN, intermediate FR, short-term anaerobic,
high power, medium MCD, inter OC, high GC, ATP CP and little glycogen fuel
consume CP
✔✔What is lactic acid? - ✔✔product of fast anaerobic glycolysis
, ✔✔What effect does lactic acid have on energy metabolism and exercise performance?
- ✔✔decreases pH, energy metabolism, and exercise performance
✔✔The process of splitting triglycerides is known as what? - ✔✔lipolysis
✔✔What organs is/are involved in nitrogen elimination? - ✔✔liver and kidneys
✔✔How is the liver involved in nitrogen elimination? - ✔✔main metabolic organ utilizing
amino acids for tissue protein synthesis, heme formation, pyrimidine and purine
synthesis (nucleotide precursors), ketone body and carbohydrate formation, de novo
synthesis of non-essential amino acids, and finally excrete surplus nitrogen via the urea
cycle
gatekeeper of nitrogen balance in animals, intake and excretion
✔✔How are the kidneys involved in nitrogen elimination? - ✔✔Kidney controls the
process in which nitrogen is excreted as ammonium. Used to control the blood plasma
pH. The blood plasma pH is determined by other actors as well, like organic acids
(amino acids) and carbonic acid (CO2). Ammonium metabolism in kidney functions to
depose hydrogen ions in urine.
In a first reaction, kidney enzymes deaminate glutamine in two steps. The first side
chain deamination is catalyzed as simple hydrolysis and is NOT REVERSIBLE
✔✔During which process to amino acids lose their amine or nitrogen group? -
✔✔transanimation or oxidative deamination
-TA occurs when the amino group is transferred to a carbon skeleton forming a new
amino acid
-ODA amino group is removed, converted to ammonia and urea in the liver and
subsequently removed by the kidneys and sweat glands
✔✔Where do transanimation and oxidative deamination occur? - ✔✔-ODA occurs
primarily on glutamic acid because glutamic acid was the end product of many
transanimation reactions
-glutamate dehydrogenase is allosterically controlled by ATP and ADP. ATP acts as an
INHIBITOR and ADP is an ACTIVATOR
✔✔What are the metabolic pathways of glucose after absorption by the small intestine?
- ✔✔-there are several metabolic pathways for CHO, which include glycogenesis,
glycolysis, hexosemonophosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and gluconeogenesis
-(1) glucose is in part deposited in the liver and muscle in the form of glycogen. This
glycogen serves as the body's CHO reserve; (2) part of glucose serves for the synthesis
of other substances (glycoproteins, glucolipids) (3) a part of glucose enters the cells,
