CIBTAC LATEST EXAM ACTUAL TIPS QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Anaphase - ✔✔Each pair of chromosomes divide, spindles break as they are drawn
apart.
✔✔Telophase - ✔✔Spindles disappear, a division occurs, nuclear membrane and
nucleus reappears and 2 daughter cells are made, each containing half the original
DNA.
✔✔Cytokenesis - ✔✔Part of telophase where cell actually splits.
✔✔Interphase - ✔✔Resting state of cell.
✔✔Passive Transport
Diffusion - Osmosis
Filtration - ✔✔Movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower, no energy
needed.
Movement of small molecules through pores between protein threads and lipids of
membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
Forced movement of water through the membrane.
,✔✔Active Transport
Carriers
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis - ✔✔Movement from lower concentration to higher, energy is required.
When substance is too large to pass through membrane, it links with a 'carrier
substance' that brings it through then releases on the other side.
Membrane surrounds droplets of fluid or solid and encloses, forming vacuole within cell.
Slow process, but allows larger substances to pass through.
Cell eating where contents is solid, performed by macrophages and leucocytes,
membrane encloses forming a vacuole and microbe is destroyed due to enzyme action.
Cell drinking where contents is fluid, membrane encloses forming a vacuole.
Membrane ejects materials out of cell.
✔✔Metabolism - ✔✔Collective name of all chemical reactions in the body.
✔✔Catabolism - ✔✔Destructive phase, breaking down larger molecules into smaller
with aid of enzymes to form energy.
✔✔Anabolism - ✔✔Constructive phase, build up of smaller molecules into larger with
aid of enzymes, energy is required and it is used for body growth, defence and repair.
✔✔Basal Metabolism - ✔✔The amount of energy needed to maintain essential bodily
functions while body is at mental and physical rest.
✔✔Enzymes - ✔✔Proteins, biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
✔✔Histology - ✔✔The scientific study of tissues.
✔✔Types of Tissues - ✔✔Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
✔✔Epithelial Tissue - ✔✔Covers surfaces of the body, structures within and lining of
body cavities.
Protective in function and may absorb and secrete.
2 types:
Simple: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated
Compound: stratified, transitional.
,✔✔Simple Epithelial Tissue - ✔✔Squamous: flattened cells found in blood capillaries,
alveoli, heart and epidermis.
Cubodial: cube shaped cells tightly packed involved in secretion and absorption found in
some glands.
Columnar: rectangular cells tightly packed some are absorbent and others secrete,
found in lining of stomach and digestive tract.
Ciliated: columnar cells with cilia on free surface (covers wet surfaces) found in
respiratory tract and fallopian tubes.
✔✔Compound Epithelial Tissue - ✔✔Stratified: several layers of different shaped cells,
2 groups: non-keratinised that are found on wet surfaces e.g. lining of mouth,
oesophagus, pharynx and keratinised that form hair, skin and nails.
Transitional: several layers of pear shaped cells then 1 or 2 layers when stretched e.g.
bladder.
✔✔Glandular Epithelial Tissue - ✔✔Can be simple of compound, secrete necessary
chemicals.
✔✔Connective Tissue - ✔✔Supports and binds, cells are more widely separated than
epithelial.
8 types:
SOFT:
Areolar
Adipose
White Fibrous
Yellow Elastic
Lymphoid
HARD:
Cartilage (Hyaline, White Fibro, Yellow Elastic)
Bone (Compact or Cancellous)
LIQUID:
Blood and lymph
✔✔Areolar Tissue - ✔✔Loose connective tissue, most generalised and found in almost
every part of the body.
Includes cells such as fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma, and adipose.
, Found:
Dermal layer of skin
Between muscles
Lining of digestive tract.
✔✔Adipose Tissue - ✔✔Collection of fat cells, contours the body and supports organs
such as kidneys and eyes, also found in subcutaneous layer of skin.
✔✔White Fibrous Tissue - ✔✔Dense Connective Tissue, very strong with closely
packed bundles of white fibres with very little matrix.
Found:
Ligaments
Tendons
✔✔Yellow Elastic Tissue - ✔✔Found in organs where alteration of shape is required,
capable of extensions and recoil.
Few cells and matrix consists of masses of elastic fibres.
Found:
Large arteries
Trachea
Bronchi
✔✔Lymphoid Tissue - ✔✔Semi solid matrix with fine branching fibres, amongst those
fibres are lymphocytes.
Found:
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Appendix
✔✔Cartilage - ✔✔Firmer that any other connective tissue, similar to bone without
mineral content, matrix is quite solid.
3 types:
Hyaline: smooth, solid and bluish white colour found in coastal cartilage (attaches ribs to
sternum)
White Fibro-Cartilage: tough and slightly flexible containing white dense fibres found in
pads between vertebrae.
Yellow Elastic Fibre-Cartilage: contains yellow fibres which run through solid matrix
found in epiglottis and external ear.
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Anaphase - ✔✔Each pair of chromosomes divide, spindles break as they are drawn
apart.
✔✔Telophase - ✔✔Spindles disappear, a division occurs, nuclear membrane and
nucleus reappears and 2 daughter cells are made, each containing half the original
DNA.
✔✔Cytokenesis - ✔✔Part of telophase where cell actually splits.
✔✔Interphase - ✔✔Resting state of cell.
✔✔Passive Transport
Diffusion - Osmosis
Filtration - ✔✔Movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower, no energy
needed.
Movement of small molecules through pores between protein threads and lipids of
membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
Forced movement of water through the membrane.
,✔✔Active Transport
Carriers
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis - ✔✔Movement from lower concentration to higher, energy is required.
When substance is too large to pass through membrane, it links with a 'carrier
substance' that brings it through then releases on the other side.
Membrane surrounds droplets of fluid or solid and encloses, forming vacuole within cell.
Slow process, but allows larger substances to pass through.
Cell eating where contents is solid, performed by macrophages and leucocytes,
membrane encloses forming a vacuole and microbe is destroyed due to enzyme action.
Cell drinking where contents is fluid, membrane encloses forming a vacuole.
Membrane ejects materials out of cell.
✔✔Metabolism - ✔✔Collective name of all chemical reactions in the body.
✔✔Catabolism - ✔✔Destructive phase, breaking down larger molecules into smaller
with aid of enzymes to form energy.
✔✔Anabolism - ✔✔Constructive phase, build up of smaller molecules into larger with
aid of enzymes, energy is required and it is used for body growth, defence and repair.
✔✔Basal Metabolism - ✔✔The amount of energy needed to maintain essential bodily
functions while body is at mental and physical rest.
✔✔Enzymes - ✔✔Proteins, biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
✔✔Histology - ✔✔The scientific study of tissues.
✔✔Types of Tissues - ✔✔Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
✔✔Epithelial Tissue - ✔✔Covers surfaces of the body, structures within and lining of
body cavities.
Protective in function and may absorb and secrete.
2 types:
Simple: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated
Compound: stratified, transitional.
,✔✔Simple Epithelial Tissue - ✔✔Squamous: flattened cells found in blood capillaries,
alveoli, heart and epidermis.
Cubodial: cube shaped cells tightly packed involved in secretion and absorption found in
some glands.
Columnar: rectangular cells tightly packed some are absorbent and others secrete,
found in lining of stomach and digestive tract.
Ciliated: columnar cells with cilia on free surface (covers wet surfaces) found in
respiratory tract and fallopian tubes.
✔✔Compound Epithelial Tissue - ✔✔Stratified: several layers of different shaped cells,
2 groups: non-keratinised that are found on wet surfaces e.g. lining of mouth,
oesophagus, pharynx and keratinised that form hair, skin and nails.
Transitional: several layers of pear shaped cells then 1 or 2 layers when stretched e.g.
bladder.
✔✔Glandular Epithelial Tissue - ✔✔Can be simple of compound, secrete necessary
chemicals.
✔✔Connective Tissue - ✔✔Supports and binds, cells are more widely separated than
epithelial.
8 types:
SOFT:
Areolar
Adipose
White Fibrous
Yellow Elastic
Lymphoid
HARD:
Cartilage (Hyaline, White Fibro, Yellow Elastic)
Bone (Compact or Cancellous)
LIQUID:
Blood and lymph
✔✔Areolar Tissue - ✔✔Loose connective tissue, most generalised and found in almost
every part of the body.
Includes cells such as fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma, and adipose.
, Found:
Dermal layer of skin
Between muscles
Lining of digestive tract.
✔✔Adipose Tissue - ✔✔Collection of fat cells, contours the body and supports organs
such as kidneys and eyes, also found in subcutaneous layer of skin.
✔✔White Fibrous Tissue - ✔✔Dense Connective Tissue, very strong with closely
packed bundles of white fibres with very little matrix.
Found:
Ligaments
Tendons
✔✔Yellow Elastic Tissue - ✔✔Found in organs where alteration of shape is required,
capable of extensions and recoil.
Few cells and matrix consists of masses of elastic fibres.
Found:
Large arteries
Trachea
Bronchi
✔✔Lymphoid Tissue - ✔✔Semi solid matrix with fine branching fibres, amongst those
fibres are lymphocytes.
Found:
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Appendix
✔✔Cartilage - ✔✔Firmer that any other connective tissue, similar to bone without
mineral content, matrix is quite solid.
3 types:
Hyaline: smooth, solid and bluish white colour found in coastal cartilage (attaches ribs to
sternum)
White Fibro-Cartilage: tough and slightly flexible containing white dense fibres found in
pads between vertebrae.
Yellow Elastic Fibre-Cartilage: contains yellow fibres which run through solid matrix
found in epiglottis and external ear.
