PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED AND 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Normal flow of blood through the heart- but backwards. Correct
Answers Whiteboard it or write it out
CML age group with the highest incidence, cellular characteristics of
malignant cell, typical progression of disease, and responsiveness to
therapy. Correct Answers age group with the highest incidence, cellular
characteristics of malignant cell, typical progression of disease, and
responsiveness to therapy.
What is tissue perfusion? Correct Answers blood flow through
capillaries to body tissues. 5 liters/min
Five stages of atherosclerosis plaque to myocardial infarction Correct
Answers 1. Damaged endothelium (smoking, HTN, bacteria, etc.)
2. Fatty streak (yellow): lipid macrophages bind to endothelium
3. Fibrous plaque (white): smooth muscle cells proliferate in lesion and
deposit collagen creating firm, rigid mass. LDL oxidized, vascular
lesion reversible with diet modification
4. Complicated lesion: progressive and relentless of stages 1-3 and
rupture of endothelium. Thrombus forms and can instantly occlude
lumen.
,How atherosclerosis affects normal anatomy and physiology of a
coronary artery and increases workload of the heart Correct Answers
Occludes arterial lumens: increases peripheral resistance to blood flow,
increases workload on the heart.
What are non-modifiable risk factors and modifiable risk factors for
atherosclerosis? Correct Answers Non-modifiable: age, gender, family
history, race
Modifiable: smoking, LDLs, HDLs, HTN, C Reactive Protein (CRP)
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis Correct Answers Deposition of fat
and fibrin in the wall of arteries, tends to harden over time. Decreases
compliance of vessels. Reduces blood flow causing ischemia (brain,
myocardial, and peripheral)
How do the levels of biomarkers C-reactive protein and cholesterol
serve as an index for rel. risk of a future heart attack? Correct Answers
Increased cholesterol and CRP increases risk for future coronary events.
What are four endocrine disorders that could be the causative factor of a
a diagnosis of secondary hypertension? Correct Answers
Hyperthyroidism: increase of TH, makes heart work harder.
Hypercortisolism: cortisol increases HR & peripheral resistance.
,Hyperaldosteronism: High aldosterone in blood vessels and increased
sodium absorption and expansion of ECF.
Pheochromocytoma: Synthesize excessive adrenaline.
What are the values of avg normal BP? Elevated? Stage 1 hypertension?
Stage 2 hypertension? Correct Answers Normal: <120/80 mmHg
Elevated: 120-129 / <80 mmHg
Stage 1 HTN: 130-139/ 80-89 mmHg
Stage 2 HTN: >140/90 mmHg
How do diuretics, beta blockers, vasodilators work to decrease workload
of the heart? Correct Answers Diuretics: lower blood volume.
Beta-blockers: drugs decrease HR and myocardial contractility.
Calcium channel blockers: vasodilate, decrease resistance to blood flow.
Decrease arterial smooth muscle cells tension.
Three consequences of chronic, unmanaged high blood pressure on the
human body Correct Answers Increased risk of heart failure, shortened
life span expectancy significantly, and reduced quality of life.
, Four health benefits of reducing high blood pressure Correct Answers
Reduction of incidence of kidney disease, heart failure, stroke, and heart
disease.
The consequences the myocardium may suffer with chronic, untreated
HTN Correct Answers Transient, reversible lack of oxygen and damage.
Several risk factors associated with development of CAD Correct
Answers HTN, diabetes mellitus, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, alc.,
gender, personality.
Major difference between myocardial ischemia and myocardial
infarction is Correct Answers Ischemia is transient/reversible
myocardial tissue damage. Infarction is permanent tissue damage.
Pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia (changes in cellular function,
ventricular function, stroke volume, and EDV) Correct Answers
Increase in anaerobic metabolism, increased production of lactic acid.
Impaired left ventricular function, lack of oxygen and lactic acid
accumulation.
Stroke volume decreases, EDV increases
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED AND 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Normal flow of blood through the heart- but backwards. Correct
Answers Whiteboard it or write it out
CML age group with the highest incidence, cellular characteristics of
malignant cell, typical progression of disease, and responsiveness to
therapy. Correct Answers age group with the highest incidence, cellular
characteristics of malignant cell, typical progression of disease, and
responsiveness to therapy.
What is tissue perfusion? Correct Answers blood flow through
capillaries to body tissues. 5 liters/min
Five stages of atherosclerosis plaque to myocardial infarction Correct
Answers 1. Damaged endothelium (smoking, HTN, bacteria, etc.)
2. Fatty streak (yellow): lipid macrophages bind to endothelium
3. Fibrous plaque (white): smooth muscle cells proliferate in lesion and
deposit collagen creating firm, rigid mass. LDL oxidized, vascular
lesion reversible with diet modification
4. Complicated lesion: progressive and relentless of stages 1-3 and
rupture of endothelium. Thrombus forms and can instantly occlude
lumen.
,How atherosclerosis affects normal anatomy and physiology of a
coronary artery and increases workload of the heart Correct Answers
Occludes arterial lumens: increases peripheral resistance to blood flow,
increases workload on the heart.
What are non-modifiable risk factors and modifiable risk factors for
atherosclerosis? Correct Answers Non-modifiable: age, gender, family
history, race
Modifiable: smoking, LDLs, HDLs, HTN, C Reactive Protein (CRP)
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis Correct Answers Deposition of fat
and fibrin in the wall of arteries, tends to harden over time. Decreases
compliance of vessels. Reduces blood flow causing ischemia (brain,
myocardial, and peripheral)
How do the levels of biomarkers C-reactive protein and cholesterol
serve as an index for rel. risk of a future heart attack? Correct Answers
Increased cholesterol and CRP increases risk for future coronary events.
What are four endocrine disorders that could be the causative factor of a
a diagnosis of secondary hypertension? Correct Answers
Hyperthyroidism: increase of TH, makes heart work harder.
Hypercortisolism: cortisol increases HR & peripheral resistance.
,Hyperaldosteronism: High aldosterone in blood vessels and increased
sodium absorption and expansion of ECF.
Pheochromocytoma: Synthesize excessive adrenaline.
What are the values of avg normal BP? Elevated? Stage 1 hypertension?
Stage 2 hypertension? Correct Answers Normal: <120/80 mmHg
Elevated: 120-129 / <80 mmHg
Stage 1 HTN: 130-139/ 80-89 mmHg
Stage 2 HTN: >140/90 mmHg
How do diuretics, beta blockers, vasodilators work to decrease workload
of the heart? Correct Answers Diuretics: lower blood volume.
Beta-blockers: drugs decrease HR and myocardial contractility.
Calcium channel blockers: vasodilate, decrease resistance to blood flow.
Decrease arterial smooth muscle cells tension.
Three consequences of chronic, unmanaged high blood pressure on the
human body Correct Answers Increased risk of heart failure, shortened
life span expectancy significantly, and reduced quality of life.
, Four health benefits of reducing high blood pressure Correct Answers
Reduction of incidence of kidney disease, heart failure, stroke, and heart
disease.
The consequences the myocardium may suffer with chronic, untreated
HTN Correct Answers Transient, reversible lack of oxygen and damage.
Several risk factors associated with development of CAD Correct
Answers HTN, diabetes mellitus, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, alc.,
gender, personality.
Major difference between myocardial ischemia and myocardial
infarction is Correct Answers Ischemia is transient/reversible
myocardial tissue damage. Infarction is permanent tissue damage.
Pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia (changes in cellular function,
ventricular function, stroke volume, and EDV) Correct Answers
Increase in anaerobic metabolism, increased production of lactic acid.
Impaired left ventricular function, lack of oxygen and lactic acid
accumulation.
Stroke volume decreases, EDV increases
