CHAPTER 32: ALTERATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
FUNCTION QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED AND
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
Varicosities are areas of veins in which blood has Correct Answers
pooled, usually in the saphenous veins
Varicosities may be caused by Correct Answers damaged valves as a
result of trauma to the valve or by chronic venous distention involving
gravity and venous constriction.
Chronic venous insufficiency is Correct Answers inadequate venous
return over a long period that causes pathologic ischemic changes in the
vasculature, skin, and supporting tissues.
Venous stasis ulcers follow the development of Correct Answers
chronic venous insufficiency and probably develop as a result of the
borderline metabolic state of the cells in the affected extremities.
DVT occurs in individuals who Correct Answers have venous stasis
(immobility, age, left heart failure), spinal cord injury, vein wall damage
(trauma, intravenous medications), or
hypercoagulable states (pregnancy, oral contraceptives, malignancy,
genetic coagulopathies).
,DVT is often asymptomatic but may lead to Correct Answers fatal
pulmonary emboli; prevention and careful assessment in individuals at
risk are crucial.
Hypertension is a sustained elevation of the Correct Answers systemic
arterial blood pressure
Hypertension is a sustained elevation of the systemic arterial blood
pressure resulting from Correct Answers increases in cardiac output or
total peripheral resistance, or both.
Hypertension can be primary (without known cause) or Correct
Answers secondary (caused by disease or drugs).
Systolic hypertension is the most significant factor in causing Correct
Answers target organ damage.
The risk factors for hypertension include a Correct Answers positive
family history; male gender; advanced age; black race; obesity; high
sodium intake; low potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake; diabetes
mellitus; labile blood pressure; cigarette smoking; and heavy alcohol
consumption.
Primary hypertension is the result of Correct Answers extremely
complicated interactions of genetics and the environment mediated by a
host of neurohumoral effects.
, These genes interact with diet, smoking, age, and the other risk factors
to cause chronic changes in vasomotor tone and blood volume.
The most frequently cited theories of the pathogenesis of primary
hypertension include Correct Answers overactivity of the SNS;
overactivity of the RAAS; alterations in other neurohumoral mediators
of blood volume and vasomotor tone such as ANP, BNP, and
adrenomedullin; inflammation; a complex interaction involving insulin
resistance and endothelial function; and obesity-related hormonal
changes.
Clinical manifestations of hypertension result from Correct Answers
damage of organs and tissues outside the vascular system.
Clinical manifestations of hypertension Correct Answers heart disease,
renal disease, CNS problems, and retinal changes.
Hypertension is managed pharmacologically, using Correct Answers
diuretics, adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE
inhibitors, and Ang II receptor blockers.
Nonpharmacologic methods of lowering BP include Correct Answers
cessation of smoking, dietary modifications, and exercise.
in orthostatic hypotension, the compensatory vasoconstriction response
to standing is altered by Correct Answers a marked vasodilation and
blood pooling in the muscle vasculature.
FUNCTION QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED AND
100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
Varicosities are areas of veins in which blood has Correct Answers
pooled, usually in the saphenous veins
Varicosities may be caused by Correct Answers damaged valves as a
result of trauma to the valve or by chronic venous distention involving
gravity and venous constriction.
Chronic venous insufficiency is Correct Answers inadequate venous
return over a long period that causes pathologic ischemic changes in the
vasculature, skin, and supporting tissues.
Venous stasis ulcers follow the development of Correct Answers
chronic venous insufficiency and probably develop as a result of the
borderline metabolic state of the cells in the affected extremities.
DVT occurs in individuals who Correct Answers have venous stasis
(immobility, age, left heart failure), spinal cord injury, vein wall damage
(trauma, intravenous medications), or
hypercoagulable states (pregnancy, oral contraceptives, malignancy,
genetic coagulopathies).
,DVT is often asymptomatic but may lead to Correct Answers fatal
pulmonary emboli; prevention and careful assessment in individuals at
risk are crucial.
Hypertension is a sustained elevation of the Correct Answers systemic
arterial blood pressure
Hypertension is a sustained elevation of the systemic arterial blood
pressure resulting from Correct Answers increases in cardiac output or
total peripheral resistance, or both.
Hypertension can be primary (without known cause) or Correct
Answers secondary (caused by disease or drugs).
Systolic hypertension is the most significant factor in causing Correct
Answers target organ damage.
The risk factors for hypertension include a Correct Answers positive
family history; male gender; advanced age; black race; obesity; high
sodium intake; low potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake; diabetes
mellitus; labile blood pressure; cigarette smoking; and heavy alcohol
consumption.
Primary hypertension is the result of Correct Answers extremely
complicated interactions of genetics and the environment mediated by a
host of neurohumoral effects.
, These genes interact with diet, smoking, age, and the other risk factors
to cause chronic changes in vasomotor tone and blood volume.
The most frequently cited theories of the pathogenesis of primary
hypertension include Correct Answers overactivity of the SNS;
overactivity of the RAAS; alterations in other neurohumoral mediators
of blood volume and vasomotor tone such as ANP, BNP, and
adrenomedullin; inflammation; a complex interaction involving insulin
resistance and endothelial function; and obesity-related hormonal
changes.
Clinical manifestations of hypertension result from Correct Answers
damage of organs and tissues outside the vascular system.
Clinical manifestations of hypertension Correct Answers heart disease,
renal disease, CNS problems, and retinal changes.
Hypertension is managed pharmacologically, using Correct Answers
diuretics, adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE
inhibitors, and Ang II receptor blockers.
Nonpharmacologic methods of lowering BP include Correct Answers
cessation of smoking, dietary modifications, and exercise.
in orthostatic hypotension, the compensatory vasoconstriction response
to standing is altered by Correct Answers a marked vasodilation and
blood pooling in the muscle vasculature.
