TESTBANK Aging and Society A Canadian Perspectives 9th Edition
cf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
by Mark Novak, Herbert C. Northcott, Karen Kobayashi
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
All Chapters 1 - 20
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
,Table of Contents
cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 1: Aging Today
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 2: Theories and Methods
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 3: Population Aging
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 4: Aging and Ethnicity
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 5: Personal Health and Wellness
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 6: The Psychology of Aging
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 7: Healthcare
cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 8: Finances and Economics
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 9: Retirement and Work
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf
Chapter 10: Leisure, Recreation, and Service
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 11: Housing and Transportation
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 12: Family Life
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 13: Social Support and Caregiving
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 14: Dying, Death, and Bereavement
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
,CHAPTER 1: AGING TODAY cfcfcf fc cfcfcf
MULTIPLE CHOICE cfcfcf
1. Which of the following is given in the text as a reason for studying aging?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. to help oneself live the best old age possible
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. to enable people to avoid or reverse the effects of aging
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. to enable people to make old age as inexpensive a time of life as it can
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
be cfcfcf
d. to learn how to work with elderly clients
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f D REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2-3 BLM: REM cfcfcf
2. As of 2011, what percentage of the population comprised
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
older Canadians?a.
cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f 16.0%
b. 15% cfcfcf c f c f c f
c. 9.1%
d. 6.8%cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f B REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: REM cfcfcf
3. By 2036, approximately what percentage of the population will comprise older
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Canadians as predicted by
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f Statistics Canada? cfcfcf
a. 9%
b. 19
c. %
25
d. 34
%
%
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f C REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: REM cfcfcf
4. As society ages, what will change in the Canadian social structure?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. Poverty will increase as more people enter old age. cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. The government will face economic crisis as pension costs rise.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. The mass media will promote ageism. cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. The healthcare system will add programs to prevent illness
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
before it occurs.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cf cfcf cfcfcf ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f D REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: HO cfcfcf
5. Which cfcfcf of cfcfcf the following is an example of a social structure?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. the education system
cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. the cfcfcfaging process cfcfcf
c. the government
cfcfcf
d. the cfcfcfpolice
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f A REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: HO cfcfcf
6. What effect does an aging society have on the Canadian family?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. an increase in the number of people living in three- and four-generation families
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. a decrease in the number of people who become grandparents during their
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
lifetime cfcfcf
c. an erosion of values as extended family structures fragment
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. an increase in financial responsibility placed on elder
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
cfcfcf family members cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f A REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM:
cfcfcf HO
, 7. How will the healthcare system have to adapt as Canadian society ages?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. by decreasing the attention given to chronic ailments such as diabetes and
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
arthritis
cfcfcf
b. by favouring the treatment of more acute illnesses
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. by changing public opinion about old age
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. by trying to prevent illness before it
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
cfcfcf happens cfcfcf cfcfcf ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f D REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf
cf cf cf 2 BLM: HO cfcfcf
8. Dr. Clarke is conducting a research experiment that is studying the process
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
of aging among older
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f Canadians. What is the name for this cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf
social science?
cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. tautology
b. ageism
c. gerontology
d. aeonology
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f C REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: HO cfcfcf
9. What cfcfcf are the two points of view that gerontologists use to study aging?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. economics and social structures cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. the family and the education system
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. bioethics and economics cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. the individual and society
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f D REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: REM cfcfcf
10. What did Unwin and colleagues’ (2008) research find out about perceptions of
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf
cfcfcf aging?
a. People know little about aging. cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. Old age is seen as a time of weakness and death.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. Some attitudes towards the elderly have possibly worsened.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. Most people’s knowledge about older people is based
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
cfcfcf on myth or fear.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cf cfcf ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f C REF: 3 BLM:
cfcfcf REM
11. Your uncle Ken has just retired from the workforce, and he needs to find an
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
activity that will keep him in
cfcfcf touch with his community. According to recent
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
research found in your textbook, which of the following
cfcfcf cfcfcf activities would cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf c f c f c f cf cfcf
be a beneficial activity for your uncle?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf cfcfcf
a. reading books to his grandchildren cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. baking cookies cfcfcf
c. working in his woodshop cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. playing cards at a local library cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
ANSWER: D cfcfcf REF: 4 cfcfcf BLM: HO cfcfcf
12. Which of cfcfcf the following accurately describes stereotypes?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. They prevent discrimination and ageism.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. They force people to confront the truth about the elderly.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. They often have some basis in reality.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. They exaggerate and distort the bad, while ignoring the good
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
cfcfcf qualities of a group of people. cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f
cf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
by Mark Novak, Herbert C. Northcott, Karen Kobayashi
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
All Chapters 1 - 20
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
,Table of Contents
cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 1: Aging Today
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 2: Theories and Methods
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 3: Population Aging
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 4: Aging and Ethnicity
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 5: Personal Health and Wellness
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 6: The Psychology of Aging
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 7: Healthcare
cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 8: Finances and Economics
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 9: Retirement and Work
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf
Chapter 10: Leisure, Recreation, and Service
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 11: Housing and Transportation
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 12: Family Life
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 13: Social Support and Caregiving
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Chapter 14: Dying, Death, and Bereavement
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
,CHAPTER 1: AGING TODAY cfcfcf fc cfcfcf
MULTIPLE CHOICE cfcfcf
1. Which of the following is given in the text as a reason for studying aging?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. to help oneself live the best old age possible
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. to enable people to avoid or reverse the effects of aging
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. to enable people to make old age as inexpensive a time of life as it can
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
be cfcfcf
d. to learn how to work with elderly clients
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f D REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2-3 BLM: REM cfcfcf
2. As of 2011, what percentage of the population comprised
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
older Canadians?a.
cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f 16.0%
b. 15% cfcfcf c f c f c f
c. 9.1%
d. 6.8%cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f B REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: REM cfcfcf
3. By 2036, approximately what percentage of the population will comprise older
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
Canadians as predicted by
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f Statistics Canada? cfcfcf
a. 9%
b. 19
c. %
25
d. 34
%
%
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f C REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: REM cfcfcf
4. As society ages, what will change in the Canadian social structure?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. Poverty will increase as more people enter old age. cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. The government will face economic crisis as pension costs rise.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. The mass media will promote ageism. cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. The healthcare system will add programs to prevent illness
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
before it occurs.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cf cfcf cfcfcf ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f D REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: HO cfcfcf
5. Which cfcfcf of cfcfcf the following is an example of a social structure?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. the education system
cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. the cfcfcfaging process cfcfcf
c. the government
cfcfcf
d. the cfcfcfpolice
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f A REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: HO cfcfcf
6. What effect does an aging society have on the Canadian family?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. an increase in the number of people living in three- and four-generation families
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. a decrease in the number of people who become grandparents during their
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
lifetime cfcfcf
c. an erosion of values as extended family structures fragment
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. an increase in financial responsibility placed on elder
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
cfcfcf family members cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f A REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM:
cfcfcf HO
, 7. How will the healthcare system have to adapt as Canadian society ages?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. by decreasing the attention given to chronic ailments such as diabetes and
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
arthritis
cfcfcf
b. by favouring the treatment of more acute illnesses
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. by changing public opinion about old age
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. by trying to prevent illness before it
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
cfcfcf happens cfcfcf cfcfcf ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f D REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf
cf cf cf 2 BLM: HO cfcfcf
8. Dr. Clarke is conducting a research experiment that is studying the process
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
of aging among older
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f Canadians. What is the name for this cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf
social science?
cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. tautology
b. ageism
c. gerontology
d. aeonology
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f C REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: HO cfcfcf
9. What cfcfcf are the two points of view that gerontologists use to study aging?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. economics and social structures cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. the family and the education system
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. bioethics and economics cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. the individual and society
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f D REF: cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf 2 BLM: REM cfcfcf
10. What did Unwin and colleagues’ (2008) research find out about perceptions of
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf
cfcfcf aging?
a. People know little about aging. cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. Old age is seen as a time of weakness and death.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. Some attitudes towards the elderly have possibly worsened.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. Most people’s knowledge about older people is based
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
cfcfcf on myth or fear.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cf cfcf ANSWER: cfcfcf c f c f c f C REF: 3 BLM:
cfcfcf REM
11. Your uncle Ken has just retired from the workforce, and he needs to find an
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
activity that will keep him in
cfcfcf touch with his community. According to recent
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
research found in your textbook, which of the following
cfcfcf cfcfcf activities would cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf c f c f c f cf cfcf
be a beneficial activity for your uncle?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcf cf cfcfcf
a. reading books to his grandchildren cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. baking cookies cfcfcf
c. working in his woodshop cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. playing cards at a local library cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
ANSWER: D cfcfcf REF: 4 cfcfcf BLM: HO cfcfcf
12. Which of cfcfcf the following accurately describes stereotypes?
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
a. They prevent discrimination and ageism.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
b. They force people to confront the truth about the elderly.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
c. They often have some basis in reality.
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
d. They exaggerate and distort the bad, while ignoring the good
cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf
cfcfcf qualities of a group of people. cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf cfcfcf c f c f c f
