BIOL251 Module 7 Exam Review:
Complete Study Guide, Key Concepts,
and Practice Questions AND Verified
answers
American Military UniversitY
Section 1: Bone Tissue & Osseous Tissue (10 Qs)
1. What are the four main cell types in bone tissue?
Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
2. Which bone cell is responsible for bone resorption?
Osteoclast.
3. What hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
4. Which hormone lowers blood calcium and promotes bone deposition?
Calcitonin.
5. What is the structural unit of compact bone?
Osteon (Haversian system).
6. What is the difference between spongy bone and compact bone?
Compact bone is dense with osteons; spongy bone has trabeculae and no osteons.
7. What is the function of canaliculi in bone?
Allow osteocytes to communicate and exchange nutrients/wastes.
8. What is the periosteum?
Fibrous membrane covering outer bone surface (except joints), contains osteoblasts for
growth/repair.
9. What is the endosteum?
Thin membrane lining medullary cavity and covering trabeculae.
10. Name the two types of ossification.
Intramembranous (flat bones) and endochondral (long bones).
,Section 2: Axial Skeleton (15 Qs)
11. What bones make up the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum.
12. How many cranial bones? Name them.
8: Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid.
13. How many facial bones? Name one.
14; e.g., maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, inferior nasal conchae.
14. What bone contains the foramen magnum?
Occipital bone.
15. What is the sella turcica and which bone is it on?
Saddle-like depression holding pituitary gland; on the sphenoid bone.
16. Which bone is not part of the skull but involved in speech?
Hyoid bone.
17. What are the three regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior?
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5).
18. What is the atlas?
C1 – articulates with occipital condyles, allows “yes” motion.
19. What is the axis?
C2 – has dens (odontoid process) for “no” motion.
20. What is the difference between a typical cervical and thoracic vertebra?
Cervical: transverse foramen; Thoracic: long spinous process, facets for ribs.
21. What is the sacrum composed of?
5 fused sacral vertebrae.
22. What is the coccyx?
3–4 fused tail vertebrae.
23. How many pairs of ribs?
12 pairs.
24. What are true ribs?
Pairs 1–7 (directly attach to sternum via costal cartilage).
25. What are false ribs?
Pairs 8–10 (attach to costal cartilage of rib 7).
Section 3: Appendicular Skeleton (15 Qs)
, 26. What bones form the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula.
27. What is the only direct bony attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular joint.
28. What is the glenoid cavity?
Shallow socket on scapula for humerus.
29. Name the three bones of the arm/forearm.
Humerus (arm), radius, ulna (forearm).
30. Which forearm bone is on the thumb side?
Radius.
31. What is the olecranon?
Elbow point; part of ulna.
32. How many carpal bones? Name one.
8; e.g., scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
33. What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
Two coxal (hip) bones – each formed from ilium, ischium, pubis.
34. What is the acetabulum?
Hip socket for femur head.
35. What is the largest foramen in the skeleton?
Obturator foramen.
36. What bones form the lower limb?
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
37. What is the weight-bearing bone of the leg?
Tibia.
38. What is the lateral malleolus and which bone forms it?
Outer ankle bump; fibula.
39. Name the seven tarsal bones.
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral
cuneiform.
40. What is the function of the arches of the foot?
Distribute weight, absorb shock, provide leverage.
Section 4: Joints (Articulations) (15 Qs)
41. Define a joint.
Point where two or more bones meet.
, 42. What are the three functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable).
43. What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.
44. Give an example of a fibrous joint.
Sutures of skull.
45. Give an example of a cartilaginous joint.
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
46. What are the six types of synovial joints?
Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket.
47. Which synovial joint type is the shoulder?
Ball-and-socket.
48. Which synovial joint type is the elbow?
Hinge.
49. What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricates, nourishes cartilage, reduces friction.
50. What is an articular disc?
Fibrocartilage pad in some synovial joints (e.g., knee meniscus, TMJ).
51. What ligaments stabilize the knee?
ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL.
52. What is a bursa?
Fluid-filled sac reducing friction between tendons and bones.
53. What movement decreases joint angle?
Flexion.
54. What movement increases joint angle?
Extension.
55. What is circumduction?
Circular movement combining flexion, abduction, extension, adduction.
Section 5: Bone Markings & Fractures (10 Qs)
56. Define a condyle.
Rounded articular projection.
57. What is a foramen?
Opening for blood vessels/nerves.
Complete Study Guide, Key Concepts,
and Practice Questions AND Verified
answers
American Military UniversitY
Section 1: Bone Tissue & Osseous Tissue (10 Qs)
1. What are the four main cell types in bone tissue?
Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
2. Which bone cell is responsible for bone resorption?
Osteoclast.
3. What hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
4. Which hormone lowers blood calcium and promotes bone deposition?
Calcitonin.
5. What is the structural unit of compact bone?
Osteon (Haversian system).
6. What is the difference between spongy bone and compact bone?
Compact bone is dense with osteons; spongy bone has trabeculae and no osteons.
7. What is the function of canaliculi in bone?
Allow osteocytes to communicate and exchange nutrients/wastes.
8. What is the periosteum?
Fibrous membrane covering outer bone surface (except joints), contains osteoblasts for
growth/repair.
9. What is the endosteum?
Thin membrane lining medullary cavity and covering trabeculae.
10. Name the two types of ossification.
Intramembranous (flat bones) and endochondral (long bones).
,Section 2: Axial Skeleton (15 Qs)
11. What bones make up the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum.
12. How many cranial bones? Name them.
8: Frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid.
13. How many facial bones? Name one.
14; e.g., maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, inferior nasal conchae.
14. What bone contains the foramen magnum?
Occipital bone.
15. What is the sella turcica and which bone is it on?
Saddle-like depression holding pituitary gland; on the sphenoid bone.
16. Which bone is not part of the skull but involved in speech?
Hyoid bone.
17. What are the three regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior?
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5).
18. What is the atlas?
C1 – articulates with occipital condyles, allows “yes” motion.
19. What is the axis?
C2 – has dens (odontoid process) for “no” motion.
20. What is the difference between a typical cervical and thoracic vertebra?
Cervical: transverse foramen; Thoracic: long spinous process, facets for ribs.
21. What is the sacrum composed of?
5 fused sacral vertebrae.
22. What is the coccyx?
3–4 fused tail vertebrae.
23. How many pairs of ribs?
12 pairs.
24. What are true ribs?
Pairs 1–7 (directly attach to sternum via costal cartilage).
25. What are false ribs?
Pairs 8–10 (attach to costal cartilage of rib 7).
Section 3: Appendicular Skeleton (15 Qs)
, 26. What bones form the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula.
27. What is the only direct bony attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular joint.
28. What is the glenoid cavity?
Shallow socket on scapula for humerus.
29. Name the three bones of the arm/forearm.
Humerus (arm), radius, ulna (forearm).
30. Which forearm bone is on the thumb side?
Radius.
31. What is the olecranon?
Elbow point; part of ulna.
32. How many carpal bones? Name one.
8; e.g., scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.
33. What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
Two coxal (hip) bones – each formed from ilium, ischium, pubis.
34. What is the acetabulum?
Hip socket for femur head.
35. What is the largest foramen in the skeleton?
Obturator foramen.
36. What bones form the lower limb?
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
37. What is the weight-bearing bone of the leg?
Tibia.
38. What is the lateral malleolus and which bone forms it?
Outer ankle bump; fibula.
39. Name the seven tarsal bones.
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral
cuneiform.
40. What is the function of the arches of the foot?
Distribute weight, absorb shock, provide leverage.
Section 4: Joints (Articulations) (15 Qs)
41. Define a joint.
Point where two or more bones meet.
, 42. What are the three functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable).
43. What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.
44. Give an example of a fibrous joint.
Sutures of skull.
45. Give an example of a cartilaginous joint.
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
46. What are the six types of synovial joints?
Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket.
47. Which synovial joint type is the shoulder?
Ball-and-socket.
48. Which synovial joint type is the elbow?
Hinge.
49. What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricates, nourishes cartilage, reduces friction.
50. What is an articular disc?
Fibrocartilage pad in some synovial joints (e.g., knee meniscus, TMJ).
51. What ligaments stabilize the knee?
ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL.
52. What is a bursa?
Fluid-filled sac reducing friction between tendons and bones.
53. What movement decreases joint angle?
Flexion.
54. What movement increases joint angle?
Extension.
55. What is circumduction?
Circular movement combining flexion, abduction, extension, adduction.
Section 5: Bone Markings & Fractures (10 Qs)
56. Define a condyle.
Rounded articular projection.
57. What is a foramen?
Opening for blood vessels/nerves.
