KNES 213 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL ALL QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Researchers degree of freedom - ✔✔The flexibility researchers have in analytical
choices (which outcomes to report, when to stop collecting data, how to handle
outliners)
✔✔P-hacking - ✔✔Exploiting these flexibilities to push p-values below 0.05- metaphor:
drawing the bullseye after throwing the dart
✔✔HARKing - ✔✔Presenting post-hoc hypothesis as if they were pre-specified.
Proposed fixes: pre-registration, publishing failures, replication studies
✔✔Systematic review - ✔✔Uses explicit, reproducible methods to identify and
synthesize all eligible studies on a question.
✔✔Meta analysis - ✔✔Additionally combines data statistically across studies to produce
a pooled effect estimate.
✔✔Systematic reviews vs meta analysis - ✔✔All meta-analyses involve a systematic
review; not all systematic reviews include a meta-analysis. Neither involves
experimental manipulation of variables
, ✔✔Research ethics: respect for persons - ✔✔Autonomy and free, informed consent.
Deception is only permissible if scientific value outweighs risk, appropriate safeguards
are in place, and participants are fully debriefed. Voluntary enrolment does not imply
consent to undisclosed risks.
✔✔Research ethics: concern for welfare - ✔✔Minimize risk; maximize benefit
✔✔Research ethics: justice - ✔✔Fair distribution of burdens and benefits; avoid
exploiting captive or vulnerable groups.
✔✔Research ethics: privacy - ✔✔Participants right to control personal information
✔✔Research ethics: confidentiality - ✔✔Researchers obligation to protect entrusted
information
✔✔Qualitative research: major approaches - ✔✔Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Narrative inquiry
✔✔Ethnography - ✔✔Prolonged immersion in a cultural setting; field notes and
interviews.
✔✔Key concern in ethnography - ✔✔Researcher reactivity- participant behaviour may
change when observed
✔✔Phenomenology - ✔✔Explored the lived experience of a specific phenomenon
✔✔grounded theroy - ✔✔Builds theory inductively from data; categories emerge during
analysis
✔✔Narrative inquiry - ✔✔Examines how people construct and interpret meaning
through stories
✔✔Qualitative data analysis typical sequence - ✔✔Prepare data-> read and familiarize-
> coding-> theme development -> interpretation
✔✔Qualitative data analysis: coding - ✔✔attach descriptive labels to data segments to
categorize raw material
✔✔Qualitative data analysis: theme development - ✔✔group related codes into patterns
✔✔Qualitative data analysis: interpretation - ✔✔explain themes in relation to the
research question
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Researchers degree of freedom - ✔✔The flexibility researchers have in analytical
choices (which outcomes to report, when to stop collecting data, how to handle
outliners)
✔✔P-hacking - ✔✔Exploiting these flexibilities to push p-values below 0.05- metaphor:
drawing the bullseye after throwing the dart
✔✔HARKing - ✔✔Presenting post-hoc hypothesis as if they were pre-specified.
Proposed fixes: pre-registration, publishing failures, replication studies
✔✔Systematic review - ✔✔Uses explicit, reproducible methods to identify and
synthesize all eligible studies on a question.
✔✔Meta analysis - ✔✔Additionally combines data statistically across studies to produce
a pooled effect estimate.
✔✔Systematic reviews vs meta analysis - ✔✔All meta-analyses involve a systematic
review; not all systematic reviews include a meta-analysis. Neither involves
experimental manipulation of variables
, ✔✔Research ethics: respect for persons - ✔✔Autonomy and free, informed consent.
Deception is only permissible if scientific value outweighs risk, appropriate safeguards
are in place, and participants are fully debriefed. Voluntary enrolment does not imply
consent to undisclosed risks.
✔✔Research ethics: concern for welfare - ✔✔Minimize risk; maximize benefit
✔✔Research ethics: justice - ✔✔Fair distribution of burdens and benefits; avoid
exploiting captive or vulnerable groups.
✔✔Research ethics: privacy - ✔✔Participants right to control personal information
✔✔Research ethics: confidentiality - ✔✔Researchers obligation to protect entrusted
information
✔✔Qualitative research: major approaches - ✔✔Ethnography
Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Narrative inquiry
✔✔Ethnography - ✔✔Prolonged immersion in a cultural setting; field notes and
interviews.
✔✔Key concern in ethnography - ✔✔Researcher reactivity- participant behaviour may
change when observed
✔✔Phenomenology - ✔✔Explored the lived experience of a specific phenomenon
✔✔grounded theroy - ✔✔Builds theory inductively from data; categories emerge during
analysis
✔✔Narrative inquiry - ✔✔Examines how people construct and interpret meaning
through stories
✔✔Qualitative data analysis typical sequence - ✔✔Prepare data-> read and familiarize-
> coding-> theme development -> interpretation
✔✔Qualitative data analysis: coding - ✔✔attach descriptive labels to data segments to
categorize raw material
✔✔Qualitative data analysis: theme development - ✔✔group related codes into patterns
✔✔Qualitative data analysis: interpretation - ✔✔explain themes in relation to the
research question
