KNES 213 UPDATED EXAMS SCRIPT ALL QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Test-retest reliability - ✔✔Consistency of scores across time under stable conditions
✔✔Inter-rater reliability - ✔✔Agreement between two or more independent
raters/clinicians
✔✔Intra-rater reliability - ✔✔Consistency of one's rater's scores across repeated
assessments
✔✔Content validity - ✔✔Instrument covers the full domain of the construct
✔✔Criterion validity - ✔✔Scores predict or correlate with an external criterion or
outcome
✔✔Criterion validly - ✔✔Scores predict or correlate with an external criterion or
outcome
✔✔construct validity - ✔✔Instrument structure matches the theoretical model (e.g.,
factor analysis)
, ✔✔face validity - ✔✔Items superficially appear to measure the construct-weakest form;
not sufficient alone
✔✔scales of measurement - ✔✔Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
✔✔Nominal - ✔✔Categories, no order (e.g., sport type: individual vs. Team)
✔✔Ordinal - ✔✔Ranked order, but intervals are unequal (e.g., likert scale)
✔✔Interval - ✔✔Equal spacing, no true zero (e.g., temperature in degrees Celsius)
✔✔Ratio - ✔✔Equal spacing and a true zero (e.g., height, sprint time)
✔✔Common confusion:how to tell the difference between interval and ratio - ✔✔The
difference is the presence of a true zero (ratio has a true zero)
✔✔What scales support "twice as much" statements - ✔✔Only ratio scales
✔✔Discrete variable - ✔✔Countable, whole number values (e.g., number of injuries,
sport type)
✔✔Continuous variable - ✔✔Can take any value within a range, including decimals
(e.g., sprint time, skinfold thickness)
✔✔Choosing the measure of central tendency: when to use mean - ✔✔Use the mean
when data are approximately normally distributed with no major outliners.
✔✔Choosing the measure of central tendency: when to use median - ✔✔Use the
median when outliners are present-extreme values inflate the mean but do not affect the
median
✔✔What does the standard deviation measure (what does it not measure, and what can
it not represent) - ✔✔Measures spread, not central tendency- it cannot represent a
typical value
✔✔What does the null hypothesis state - ✔✔That there is no effect or difference.
✔✔What is a p-value - ✔✔A p-value is the probability of observing data at least as
extreme as those obtained, assuming H is true. It is not the probability that the null is
false, nor the probability the effect is real.
✔✔P<0.05 means what in statistical reasoning - ✔✔Sufficient evidence to reject H at
the conventional threshold
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Test-retest reliability - ✔✔Consistency of scores across time under stable conditions
✔✔Inter-rater reliability - ✔✔Agreement between two or more independent
raters/clinicians
✔✔Intra-rater reliability - ✔✔Consistency of one's rater's scores across repeated
assessments
✔✔Content validity - ✔✔Instrument covers the full domain of the construct
✔✔Criterion validity - ✔✔Scores predict or correlate with an external criterion or
outcome
✔✔Criterion validly - ✔✔Scores predict or correlate with an external criterion or
outcome
✔✔construct validity - ✔✔Instrument structure matches the theoretical model (e.g.,
factor analysis)
, ✔✔face validity - ✔✔Items superficially appear to measure the construct-weakest form;
not sufficient alone
✔✔scales of measurement - ✔✔Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
✔✔Nominal - ✔✔Categories, no order (e.g., sport type: individual vs. Team)
✔✔Ordinal - ✔✔Ranked order, but intervals are unequal (e.g., likert scale)
✔✔Interval - ✔✔Equal spacing, no true zero (e.g., temperature in degrees Celsius)
✔✔Ratio - ✔✔Equal spacing and a true zero (e.g., height, sprint time)
✔✔Common confusion:how to tell the difference between interval and ratio - ✔✔The
difference is the presence of a true zero (ratio has a true zero)
✔✔What scales support "twice as much" statements - ✔✔Only ratio scales
✔✔Discrete variable - ✔✔Countable, whole number values (e.g., number of injuries,
sport type)
✔✔Continuous variable - ✔✔Can take any value within a range, including decimals
(e.g., sprint time, skinfold thickness)
✔✔Choosing the measure of central tendency: when to use mean - ✔✔Use the mean
when data are approximately normally distributed with no major outliners.
✔✔Choosing the measure of central tendency: when to use median - ✔✔Use the
median when outliners are present-extreme values inflate the mean but do not affect the
median
✔✔What does the standard deviation measure (what does it not measure, and what can
it not represent) - ✔✔Measures spread, not central tendency- it cannot represent a
typical value
✔✔What does the null hypothesis state - ✔✔That there is no effect or difference.
✔✔What is a p-value - ✔✔A p-value is the probability of observing data at least as
extreme as those obtained, assuming H is true. It is not the probability that the null is
false, nor the probability the effect is real.
✔✔P<0.05 means what in statistical reasoning - ✔✔Sufficient evidence to reject H at
the conventional threshold
